Category: Biblical Timeline

Gaining much control of the northern portion of the Black Sea, the Ostrogoths came from an eastern group of Germanic people. Their name refers to Eastern Goth, or the Goths that are glorified by the sun. On the other hand, the term Visigoth refers to the Western Goth. It was Cassiodorus, a Roman writer, who gave these terms for the tribes during the 6th century.

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Origin of the Ostrogoths

These people first became known in history as a tribe that settled in an area surrounding the Black Sea. They made frequent attacks on Roman provinces, which gave them an image of being a resilient and persistent nuisance to the Roman Empire. However, the invasion of the Huns during 375 AD proved to be a major threat to the Romans. It was during the Huns’ conquest that a large percentage of the Ostrogoths sought support and protection by the empire under the rule of Valens. These people then became Visigoths, while the rest of the Goths endured the harsh treatment of the Huns while maintaining a sense of autonomy.

Ostrogoths Rose to Power

When Attila the Hun died in 450 AD, the Ostrogoths finally had their chance to become independent this is where they are charted on the Biblical Timeline with World History. Thus, in 474 AD, Theodoric was appointed as the ruler of the Ostrogoths. With the support from the Byzantine Empire, he led a campaign to invade Italy. At that time, the Byzantine Empire was hoping to regain the victory that was Rome’s.

The empire believed that Theodoric could do this by reclaiming their kingdom held by a Germanic ruler. Indeed, Theodoric succeeded by defeating Odoacer, and he established an Ostrogothic Empire from Sicily to Spain, Italy, and France. The empire remained successful because of Theodoric’s impressive political skills. Roman literature, culture and art were also widely accepted. While his campaigns were financially supported by the Byzantines, he was given an opportunity to independently rule his empire and ensure wholesome relations with the Eastern Roman Empire. .

After the rule of Theodoric, his daughter assumed the throne. Amalasvintha then ruled as the first regent and queen when her son Athalaric died. However, Theodahad ordered for her to be assassinated, and this sparked anger to the Byzantine Empire ruler, Justinian I. Hence, he sent Flavius Belisarius to Italy and reorganized the region including the Empire. Justinian made an offer to the Ostrogoths, and he was allowed them to maintain an independent kingdom if they give him 50 percent of the treasury.

However, the Goths doubted Justinian, and they would only agree if Belisarius were the one who endorsed them. But then, the nobility decided a better solution to the problem, which is by giving Belisarius full authority over the Ostrogothic Empire. Belisarius pretended to agree with this offer, out of loyalty to Justinian. When he was crowned, he decided to claim the entirety of the lands owned by the Ostrogoths including their treasury, with the intention of giving these to Justinian. Various uprisings led by the Ostrogoths later on, but all of these failed. Eventually, the Ostrogoths disappeared and dwelled in various places in Germany, Italy and France.

The Lombards once gained full control of Italy from 568 until 774 AD where they are located on the Biblical Timeline with World History. According to historians, this Germanic tribe came from a smaller group of people called the Winnili. They were originally from Scandinavia and eventually migrated to various areas in search of new lands to conquer. By the 1st century AD, the Lombards formed a portion of the Suebi that was located in northwestern Germany. Four centuries after, they transferred to another area that was situated in the northern part of the Danube river. They also fought with the Heruls and Gepids during a few encounters with these other tribes.

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The Rise of the Lombards

King Audoin, a Lombard, successfully defeated the Gepid military leader named Thurisind in 551 AD. When Alboin took the place of this great Lombard king, he was able to destroy the Gepids during the Battle of Asfeld. With much inspiration from his victories, Alboin led his people to settle in Italy. At that time, the land depopulated as a result of the Gothic War. Upon reaching Italy, the Lombards joined a few other tribes such as the Gepids, Ostrogoths, Saxons, Bulgars, Heruls and Thuringians. In 559 AD, the Lombards had already invaded all of the major cities in the northern part of the Po River. Even several areas of the southern and central portions of Italy succumbed to this powerful tribe. The Lombards established a kingdom called Regnum Italicum, which was situated in Italy. However, the kingdom fell apart when it was conquered by King Charlemagne, a Frankish ruler who decided to integrate this into his very own empire. Nevertheless, Lombard nobilities maintained control of some parts of Italy into the 11th century until they were invaded by the Normans.

Origin of the Lombards

In a written account by Paul the Deacon, a historian, the history and practices of the Lombards may be taken from the document made in the 7th century, which explained the origin of this tribe. In the said narrative, there was a small tribe referred to as the Winnili that lived in southern Scandinavia. The tribe was divided into three groups, and one of these departed from their homeland in search for foreign fields. Based on researchers, a possible reason for this would be overpopulation. In one occasion, the Vandals, another powerful tribe, were preparing for war against the Winnili. Before the battle, they prayed to Godan, who replied that victory will be given to those who would come first at the battlefield before the sun rises. However, the Winnili were much fewer in number, and they asked for advice from Frea. The goddess suggested that all of the women should tie and wear their hair in the front part of their faces like a beard. They must also march along with their husbands. When Godan found them early in the morning, he asked Frea who these long-beard mean were. Frea only answered that it is only fair that this tribe should be given victory. Thus, this started the name “Lombard”. Originally, it was referred to as Langobardi, Lombardi, and Lombards. These people also grew their beards in memory of Godan, and they decided to keep this appearance that gave them a distinct quality from the others.

One group of people with Eastern Germanic heritage were called the Vandals. These people were originally from Jutland, and they settled in areas between the Vistula and Oder rivers during the first century AD where it is listed on the Biblical Timeline with World History. Based on historians, these people had wagons as their home, and they travelled from one pasture to another. When they remained in the Danube region, they provided troops and military reinforcements for the Romans. They also adopted Arianism or the heretical form of Christianity.

Key Facts about the Vandals and Anglo-Saxons

Tacitus first used the word Vandilii to describe this group of Germanic people that were from the ancestry of East Germans. During the Marcomannic War of 166 AD, these people decided to live in a place that is now referred to as Silesia. By the third century, or the time when the Roman Empire was experiencing great crisis due to invasions from its opponents, the Vandals joined forces with the Samaritans to conquer the frontier of the Roman Empire along the upper areas of the Rhine River.

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The Anglo-Saxons, on the other hand, were people who remained in Great Britain since the fifth century. They also included a few other groups from Germanic tribes who stayed on the southern portion of the island along with their descendants.

The early parts of the Anglo-Saxon era included medieval Britain’s history from the end of the Roman’s reign. This period was also considered as the migration period because of massive human migration throughout Europe beginning 400 AD. These migrants included those with Germanic ancestry including the Anglos, Saxons, Suebi, Goths, Franks, and Lombards. However, these people were eventually defeated by the Slavs, Huns, Avars, Alans and Bulgars.

Vandals Joined Forces with Other Tribes

In 406, the Vandals decided to join forces with some of the freed slaves from Pannonia, as well as with a few other barbarian tribes. These people included some Goths, Suevi and nomadic Alans that bravely overcame the frozen Rhine into the Roman Gaul. Their reason for following this route was to save themselves from the attack of the Huns.

After these people have conquered France, they decided to remain in the southern part of Spain after crossing the Pyrenees. The Vandals also lived in the countryside, yet it left several towns with their native population. These people also seized the Roman ships, and they succeeded in piratical raids to the coasts of Greece and various parts of the Mediterranean.

Downfall of the Empire

By 409 AD, the Roman empire began to fall apart because of a lack of control from its emperor. It was at this time that some of Emperor Constantine’s army were in Spain, and that made it difficult for his army to reach Gaul quickly. Eventually, the Germans residing at the western part of the Rhine river revolted against him, and a number of invaders from the eastern portion of the river finally reached Gaul. At that time, Britain no longer had any form of protection or troops after it had succumbed to massive raids by the Saxons from 408 to 409 AD.

Egypt under Roman Control

Roman control in Egypt historically occurred after the coming of Octavian (Augustus) during 30 BC it is listed on the Biblical Timeline with World History under 1-250 AD with World History. This was after his victorious battle with Marc Antony and Cleopatra in Actium.

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Augustus then proclaimed himself to the Egyptians as successor and Pharaoh. He abolished the Ptolemaic monarchy and declared the realm as his own. Then he announced a temporary ‘prefect’ or ‘governor’ that efficiently took politics out of the area; thus neutralising competitions to take over amidst the influential citizens of Rome.

For nearly 12 years, Egypt was maintained by Rome’s armies till the country was stabilised. Everything was done in line with the laws and stages of Rome’s laws. The structure of the government was remade to acknowledge the rights linked with ‘Greek’ history. This was an incredible addition to the Roman Empire and proved a great asset to the country. There was an abundance of farming with shipments of grain to Rome. Egypt made papyrus, glass, and varied delicately made crafts. The deserts held many different kinds of raw materials such as ore, porphyry, and granite.  Business with central Africa, the Arabian Peninsular, and India thrived down the Nile, desert, and sea routes from the Red Sea port of Berenike. Valuables and cultural traditions spread from Egypt to Rome by Alexandria, a place Diodorus of Sicily spoke of as “the first city of the civilised world”. It’s amazing library and society of authors, philosophers, and scientists were recognised all over.

One of the first major problems the Roman Empire came across was the contentions between the Greeks and Jews during the rule of Caligula ( reigned 34-41). There was also the Jewish rebellions under Trajan (reigned 98-117), and the people’s rebellions in Coptos during 293 AD. Christianity was brought to Egypt during the first century AD from Saint Mark, who was martyred afterwards by the Alexandrians in 67 AD. Ever After the Christian missionaries started working and the vast church of Alexandria was created and is still present today.

Persecution

Surprisingly the Christian belief spread very quickly to the point that most of Egypt was converted by the end of the 3^rd Century AD. They were categorised along with Jews as a cult. This lasted till the Christians grew in number and acquired a distinctive position. Their place was increased after they rejected the culture to offer sacrifices to the Romans’ pagan gods. In addition, they opposed Roman teachings, particularly towards those policies that counteracted their beliefs. This was thought of by the Romans as dangerous for the safety and unifications of the empire. Resulting in the great persecutions and intensifying towards the largest recorded maltreatment towards Christians at the time.

It was prepared and enacted in violent order especially by rulers Septimus Severus (193-211), Maximinus I (235-238), and Decius (249-251). The climax of these terrible events occurred under Diocletian (284-306). His reign was labelled ‘The Martyrdom Era’ by today’s Christian-Egyptians (Copts). Romans had displayed harsh actions towards them with well-developed tools intended for only that. Torture became a common violence towards Christians such as lashing, sloughing, stoning, tearing off organs, pulling out eyes and so forth.  At first, the Romans were attempting to persuade the Christians that the Roman faiths (especially the ones contrary to Christians) were right. If unsuccessful they would then implement torture and eventually killed them.

However, their actions had a reverse effect, spreading Christians and enacting more conversions. The standard Christian attitude was to stand their grand, proclaim their beliefs and ask to be martyred. This was an ideal that many were, in fact, hoping for. There was even a time in the Roman Empire that regular society was obligated to bear an official document proving that they believed in the Roman traditions and offered sacrifices on a regular basis to the pagan gods. This violent attitude against Christians was followed by harsh deconstructive standards against the Coptics. Religious books were burnt, along with sacred scripts, liturgies, and churches; really any item or place that had a connection to that faith. This continued until the open-minded rule of Constantine the Great (306-337); a ruler who at last acknowledged Christians as the official religion of the kingdom.

Coptic

At the time of the Roman Rule, an altered language was adapting into the Egyptian manner called the Coptic language. “Copt” was from the Greek word “Aigyptos” which stands for Egyptian. The root of the language is not dated but looks to have started in the 2^nd Century AD. It is taken from the historical Egyptian language and is thought of as its last phase. Coptic adds onto the Greek alphabet with 7 demotic letters taken from the writings basically a simpler take on hieroglyphics.

This manner of speaking lasted for a long time until the arrival of the Arab conquest during the 7^th Century. Afterwards, the Arabic language slowly took over. Despite this, the Coptic language made it through until current time to be used by the Coptic Church in ‘liturgies’. The growth of the Coptic language added in literature into Egypt’s infamous past. Along with Egypt’s contributions to society’s culture, they also pioneered the world into Christianity.  They were the ones to start today’s ‘monasticism’. It began when Rome was discriminating any believer of the Christian way of life. The first to enter Monasticism was Saint Anthony (251-356). He abandoned his riches and left for the desert in search of religious freedom despite the threat of barbers who just like the Roman’s promised certain death. He pioneered the religion into ‘asceticism’ and created an order that provided monks with a self-governing culture. Saint Pachomious (292-346) created the cenobitic monasticism. He made the first policies for their gatherings and started many monasteries for both men and women. Along with the ascension of Constantine Pachomious, these events led to a period where the Mediterranean was labelled under the Byzantine Era, a branch of the Roman Rule but with varied qualities.

The Aztecs and several other groups of people during the Pre-Columbian era in Central Mexico devised and used a calendar system called the Aztec calendar. It is part of the Biblical Timeline with World History. This served as a guide to the people, which also has some similarities with the Mesoamerican calendars that were used during that period.

Features of the Aztec Calendar

The Aztec calendar features the xiuhpohualli, or a calendar cycle that includes 365 days. Another component of the calendar is the tonalpohualli, or the ritual cycle that involves 260 days. Together, these cycles form a calendar round that includes 52 years. Since the xiuhpohualli is based on the sun, it is used for agricultural purposes. On the other hand, the tonalpohualli is made up of 20 periods that include 13 days. These periods have a specific name, which is represented by a symbol such as a rabbit or water, among a few others. As days passed, a dot was added next to the hieroglyph or symbol for each period.

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The 365-year calendar used by the Aztecs represents the solar year or the length of time that the earth takes before it completes one revolution. The calendar was helpful in guiding the Aztecs in determining the right time for performing agricultural tasks and religious rites. They also regarded the last 5-day period as an unlucky or dangerous time.

The periods included in the calendar come with their own unique festivals that are linked to the agricultural cycle. Moreover, the end of the 52-year cycles was considered as the time for celebrating religious rituals to renew the sun. It is during this time that the people extinguished the hearth fires, destroyed their household goods, fasted, and waited patiently for signs that show the sun’s renewal.

Analysis of the Similarities Between the Aztec Calendar and the Asiatic Calendar

The Asiatic calendar helps people to learn more about the order in which the world started. Scholars devised this type of calendar, and these people have the ability to analyze every composition of the planet. They also referred to the calendar to determine possible occurrences in the future. Furthermore, the Asiatic calendar gives people an idea that the universe is entering a new period, which also signifies a renewal in the world and man’s state of consciousness.

If taken into consideration the features and purposes of both calendars, it is safe to say that the Asiatic calendar has some similarities with the Aztec calendar. Both of these are intended to guide the people about the history and chronology of the world’s existence. In the Aztec calendar, the number 13 is referred to as the original 13 Tribes, a concept that is also presented in the Asiatic calendar. Moreover, both calendars are based on the science of astronomy and mathematics, which help determine how spiritual prophecies and histories are recorded in continual periods as civilizations advance in this planet. It is also depicted in both calendars that the world has reached a period in the repetitive cycle, and, as a result, renewals are expected to take place.

The Parthian and Roman Empire had a long-term conflict that resulted in a series of battles that started in 66 BC until 217 AD where it is listed on the Biblical Timeline with World History. Otherwise known as the Roman – Parthian Wars, these battles took over 700 years and led to massive destruction of property between these two powerful empires.

Early Beginnings of the War

The earliest recorded incursions that existed between Parthia and Rome was in the Battle of Carrhae, which occurred in 53 BC. Moreover, the Parthians showed support to Brutus and Cassius during the Civil War of the Roman Liberators in the First Century BC. The end of the Roman Civil War, however, only led to the strengthening of the Roman Army throughout Western Asia. Thus, this increased the supremacy of Rome over other nations that were once a threat to its victory.

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Emperor Trajan of Rome began formulating plans to conquer Parthia in 113 AD. Eventually, he succeeded in gaining power over Ctesiphon, the capital of Parthia. Afterwards, he appointed Parthamaspates as the client ruler, yet this policy was reversed by Trajan’s successor, Hadrian.

During the Second Century BC, another series of wars existed between Parthia and Rome. Throughout these battles, Rome gained an advantage over Parthia, which gave Trajan much optimism about ruling over this land once and for all. Soon, the emperor believed that the time is right to begin the annexation of Armenia and invade Parthia.

The Invasion of Armenia

With a new strategy set, Trajan was able to conquer Armenia and transformed it into one of Rome’s province in 114 AD. Also, he succeeded in killing Parthamasiris, who was appointed by King Osroes of Parthia as the ruler of Armenia. A year after, Rome invaded the northern part of Mesopotamia and annexed it as a part of the Roman Empire. Prior to heading towards the Persian Gulf, the Ctesiphon succumbed to the Romans, as well.

It was in 115 AD when various revolts broke out in various nations including northern Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. To further put the Roman army’s abilities to the test, a massive Jewish revolt also erupted in the Roman territory. Because of these consecutive revolts, Trajan was unable to take over Hatra, and this prevented him from gaining power over Parthia. As a consequence, the Parthian Army threatened major Roman territories that caused significant challenges to Trajan.

Conquer of Parthia

Upon conquering Mesopotamia, Trajan had only a few concerns as Osroes was preoccupied with another civil war with Vologases III. Hence, Trajan decided to settle in Antioch from 115 to 116, but he continued his campaign and goal of defeating Parthia. As he proceeded to the Euphrates, he conquered Dura-Europos, Characene, and Susa.

Parthia’s great leader, Sanatruces II, gathered his army to fight the Romans in the eastern part of Parthia. However, he was betrayed and murdered by Parthamaspates, his cousin. During the remaining months of 116 AD, Trajan declared himself as Parthia’s new king, which signaled his victorious attempts of ruling over the land.

In 117 AD, Babylonians threatened the Roman garrisons with a series of revolts. This has led to Trajan’s withdrawal from Mesopotamia, yet he attempted to fight back in 118 AD to completely gain power over Parthia. Unfortunately, the mighty emperor died in 117 AD even before he was able to declare another war.

The Goths were groups of Germanic ethnicity, which are made up of the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. These people were instrumental in the decline of the Roman Empire as they gave rise to the Medieval period in Europe. According to history, the Goths migrated from Scandza and settled in Gothiscandza, which was situated in the lower portion of the Vistula region. In fact, archaeologists have noted evidence of the truth behind the migration of Goths. It was also noted that in the 3rd century, they crossed the Black Sea or Lower Danube and destroyed several areas along the way including the Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia, Byzantium, Sparta and Athens. A century later, the Goths invaded Dacia and dominated a massive area that spanned towards the Danube and the Black Sea.

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The Goths Rose Into Power

The Goths were among the most powerful groups of people that succeeded in finding their way into the Classical World. In fact, this tribe was able to break out of north-central Europe during the latter part of the second century. In half a century after leaving their homeland, the Goth arrived at the Black Sea, which was at the northern portion of the Danube River. It was not long after that they reached the Danube frontier and conquered the Roman Empire after raiding and destroying the coast of Bulgaria.

In 250 AD, Kniva, the fearless Gothic commander, obtained three different armies and set them on the field. While one of these armies was defeated by the Dacians, the other two successfully reached the Danube. On the sea, these tribes were also the primary forces that initiated sea raids, which impacted negatively a large part of towns in the Black Sea. Although they were able to raid various places including Asia Minor and Greece, their ships were destroyed by strong winds during the tribe’s return to their homeland.

The Goths During the 4th Century

In the earlier parts of the 4th century, the Goths were divided into two groups – the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths. The Ostrogoths settled in the north of the Black Sea, which was in the Ukraine while the Visigoths remained along the Danube River.

These groups took part in various battles, yet they remained victorious after the strong invasion of the Huns in Europe. When the Gothic Army succeeded in the battle in 372, the Roman Empire decided to give the Goths a land that was situated between the Danube and the Balkan Range. However, this was not enough to satisfy the Goths who wanted to claim more areas as their homeland.

Alaric, a powerful Gothic leader, decided to violate the treaty made with the Romans as he penetrated the southern part of the Balkan Range. He also entered Rome when the Emperor failed to give him a title or some recognition for his past services. Although he caused minimal chaos to Rome, he attempted to go to Sicily and step foot into North Africa’s rich grain fields. However, he failed with his attempts when a massive storm destroyed his fleet, and until he died before putting his plans into actions. Soon after, the Visigoths remained in Southern Gaul before settling into the Iberian Peninsula.