Enos or Enosh (1 Chronicles 1:1 KJV), which means “mortal man” in Hebrew, is the eldest son of Seth, and Adam and Eve’s grandson. He was born when Seth was one hundred and five years old (Genesis 5:6 KJV). It was mentioned in Genesis 4:26 KJV, that Seth had a son and named him Enos, then began men to call upon the name of the Lord.
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Enos was ninety when he begat Cainan (Genesis 5:9 KJV). After Cainan, Enos had other sons and daughters and lived for another eight hundred and fifteen years (Genesis 5:10). Enos lived a total of nine hundred and five years before he finally rested (Genesis 5:11 KJV). The Bible Timeline charts his birth at 3769 BC and death at 2864 BC.
Seth or Sheth (1Chronicles 1:1 KJV) is the third son of Adam and Eve named in the Bible.
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He was born when Adam was a hundred and thirty years old. It is said that Seth was born to replace Abel, who Cain slew (Genesis 4:25 KJV).
In Hebrew, Seth is equated to “set” or appointed. Since Cain killed Abel, God gave Adam a third son whose descendants would bring the Lord’s name (Genesis 4:26 KJV).
Seth, Father of Enos
Seth was one hundred and five years old when he begat Enos in his own likeness and after his image (Genesis 5:3 KJVT). After Enos, Seth also begat other sons and daughters, and lived for nine hundred and twelve years (Genesis 5:7-9 KJV).
Seth lived a total of nine hundred and twelve years before he finally rested (Genesis 5:6-7 KJV)
Abel, a keeper of sheep, is the second son of Adam and Eve (Genesis4:2 KJV). The name Abel is believed to mean “breath”. This could have been because of Abel’s shortness of life since he was killed by his brother, Cain (Genesis 4:8 KJV).
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Cain and Abel are both sons of Adam and Eve. Though they are brothers, they are not the same. Abel is a keeper of sheep while Cain is a tiller of the ground.
Cain killing Abel
The time came that they each brought offerings to the Lord. Cain brought fruits from the soil and offered them to God, while Abel offered selected fat firstlings of sheep. God respected Abel’s offering but not Cain’s and this angered Cain. Cain’s countenance fell. Eventually he slew his own brother, Abel. (Genesis 4:1-8 KJV)
The Bible does not give the age of Adam when Abel was born so he is placed on the Biblical Timeline chart between the creation of Adam (4004 BC) and the birth of Seth (3874 BC).
Cain is the eldest son of Adam and Eve (Genesis 4:1 KJV)1. It is said that God gave Adam a son – Cain, In Hebrew, the name Cain means “something that is produced” or “spear”.
Cain Commits Crime because of Jealousy
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Time came when Cain and Abel presented their offerings before the Lord. Cain offered fruits from the ground, while Abel offered selected fat firstlings from his sheep. The Lord God respected Abel’s offering but did not accept Cain’s. This made Cain’s countenance fall and his jealousy grew as time passed. One day, Cain invited Abel over to his field and slew him there thinking that his crime would be concealed (Genesis 4:3-8 KJV).3
Due to his actions, Cain was banished and fled to the land of Nod, east of Eden. Though he was cast out from the land where he shed his brother’s blood, God’s mercy was still with Cain. God gave Cain a mark for protection saying that who ever slays him, vengeance will be sevenfold (Genesis 4:9-16 KJV).4
Cain, father of Enoch
It is written that Cain had a wife and begat Enoch. He then built a city naming it after his son, Enoch. Enoch begat Irad; who begat Mehujael; who begat Methusael; Lamech (Genesis 4:17 KJV) The Bible does not explicitly state when Cain was born so he is placed on the Biblical Timeline Chart between the creation of Adam (4004 BC) and the birth of Seth (3874 BC)
Eve or Havva is a Hebrew word for “mother of living”. This will be clearly seen in Genesis 3:20 KJV, where Adam named his wife Eve. After they had eaten of the fruit and were being cast out of the garden, because she is to be the mother of all living. She is placed on the Biblical timeline next to Adam.
Eve was created by God from Adam’s rib (Genesis 2:21-22 KJV). Thus, Adam called the new creation a “woman” since she was taken from a man.
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The 3rd chapter of Genesis tells us the story of how the serpent tempted Eve to eat the fruit from the forbidden tree. Eve found the fruit good and shared this with Adam. This action was the first disobedience recorded in the Bible. (Genesis 3:1-24 KJV)
Eve, The First Wife and Mother
After disobeying God, Adam and Eve were cast out from the garden of Eden. Adam and Eve bear children – Cain, Abel, and Seth. (Genesis 4:1-26)
The name Adam is considered to be a generic term for “man” and for red soil. The name was first mentioned in Genesis 2:19 KJV. However, the Bible already mentioned God creating “man” (Genesis 1:26 KJV ) “And God said , Let us make man in our image, after our likeness…”, and God forming a man on (Genesis 2:7 KJV), “And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground…”.
Throughout Genesis 2-3, Adam was often referred as “man”; (Genesis 2:22 ) “And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man”, (Genesis 3:12 KJV) “And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat”, (Genesis 3:24 KJV) “So He drove out the man; and He placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life”.
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Adam is the first man created by God Himself. (Genesis 1:26 KJV) And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness…” The Lord molded a man from the dust and gave him the breath of life, thus he became a living body with a soul (Genesis 2:7 KJV ). God then placed “man” in the Garden of Eden wherein he was commissioned to name and post authority to all living creatures. As for the Biblical timeline, this marks the beginning of mankind at 4004 BC according to Bishop Ussher’s chronology found in the King James Bible.
Adam, the First Husband
Adam needed help to rule over the creations as the Lord commissioned him, and God noticed that. In Genesis 2:21-23, God placed Adam into a deep sleep, took a rib from the “man’s” body, and from it, God created woman.
In Genesis chapter 3, after sinner before God – when the woman was tempted by the serpent to eat from the forbidden fruit, “Adam called his wife’s name Eve; because she was the mother of all living” (Genesis 3:20 KJV). After the incident, God drove Adam and Eve out from the Garden of Eden.
A painting of Adam
Adam, the First Biological Father
In Genesis chapter 4, Eve gave birth to Cain, Abel and Seth. Thus, making Adam the first biological father in the Bible. Adam and Eve only had two sons at the beginning – Cain and Abel, a tiller of the ground and a keeper of the sheep respectively. Due to jealousy, Cain slew Abel and was cast out.
Adam was one hundred and thirty years old when he had Eve conceive Seth. Seth was born to replace Abel, who Cain slew. (Genesis 4:25-26 KJV) “And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD”
Death of Adam
Adam was nine hundred and thirty years old when he finally rested (Genesis 5:3-4 KJV). He lived to see Lamech father of Noah and the 8th generation of his descendants born.
King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus murdered his father at the request of his wife, Tullia. His reign began in 535 B.C that is where he appears on the Bible Timeline with World History. King Superbus was a man who possessed an angry disposition and spirit, and he was also filled with insolence and arrogance. This is one of the major reasons why he was dubbed Tarquinius the Proud.
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King Superbus was the son of Rome’s sixth King Servius Tullius and he also had a brother named Aruns. King Servius Tullius had two daughters that he named Tullia. The younger of the two daughters was a mean spirited female who despised Aruns her marriage to Aruns. He wasn’t considered strong enough for her, so she was drawn to Superbus, who was a lot more ruthless. Superbus was married to Tullia’s older sister who was also a good hearted woman. Superbus didn’t like her and desired the younger Tullia and both of them schemed to kill their siblings and then to kill their father the king.
Once Tarquinius took the throne, he quickly eliminated any senators who sympathized with his father. After he slaughtered the Senators, he then dismissed the remaining Senate members and made decisions without them. He purposely stripped them of their power so he could do whatever he pleased. He then trumped up false charges so he could kill off a Latin political leader who had enough foresight to see that King Superbus wasn’t going to be a good ruler.
Tarquinius the Proud then married off his daughter to secure foreign power over the Latin tribes. He schemed and began to subdue more of the surrounding tribes outside of Rome including the people of Sabine. He continued Rome’s peace treaty with the Etruscans, and he also established Roman colonies. He erected the Temple of Jupiter on Capitoline Hill. Throughout the rest of his reign, he connived and tricked many people while forcing others to do his will.
King Superbus also had a son named Sextus Tarquinius who raped an incredibly beautiful woman named Lucretia from the land of Collatia. King Superbus wanted to take this territory and had sent his son Sextus to lead the expedition. Sextus had snuck into Lucretia’s chambers and forced himself on her. Lucretia committed suicide, and her father was outraged. Other leading members of Roman society and the Collatia also joined her father in rebelling against the king. Tarquinius the Proud and his family were eventually exiled from Rome. After his demise, this led to the forming of the Republic of Rome which was now led by the consuls Brutus and Collantinus.
Tarquinius, the Proud’s reign, was significant because it marked the beginning of a new Roman era. The people of Rome realized that a sole king would not be needed anymore to rule the land. When his reign was over the face of Rome was changing into a forceful, dominant empire that would eventually rise and dominate most of the known world at the time. Tarquinius tried to regain power through military might and negotiations, but it was no use the people never allowed him back on the throne. He eventually died in exile in 496 B.C., and he ruled Rome for 26 years from 535 B.C. to 509 B.C.
Tullus Hostilius was a Sabine, who became ruler of Rome. His grandfather Hostus Hostilius, who fought against the Sabine’s for Rome’s first king, Romulus. The Roman’s had taken the Sabine women from their husbands and fathers, and this caused a war between the two tribes. The war ended when the women told the men that they preferred the Roman’s over the Sabines.
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Rome then tried to live in peace with the men of Sabine by allowing them to participate in Roman society. Tillus Hostilius spent most of his time in warfare. He appears on the Biblical Timeline beginning around 673 BC. King Tullus began his reign in 673 B.C.
While he was in power, he attacked the ancient Roman city of Alba Longa which was home to the first Etruscan king before Rome was founded. Tullus defeated this city and welcomed the people of Alba Longa into Rome. After he had tried to treat the Albans with peace, their leader betrayed him, and he had him killed. He continued to make war against many other Italian tribes such as the Fidenae, Veientines, and the Sabines.
Tullus Hostilius didn’t pay too much attention to his civic or religious responsibilities. War was his primary focus. He mainly fought against other tribes and began to establish Rome as a powerful force to be reckoned with. Through his efforts, he absorbed many tribes around Rome and forced some of them to pay tribute. He used the defeated nobles and people of Alba Longa to increase and strengthen his military forces. His cavalry units were made up of Alban horsemen, and Alban soldiers filled the ranks of his army.
Tullus Hostilius might have been a great warrior-king, but he wasn’t a good administrator. Even though this was the case, he still placed some of the defeated nobles from Alba Longa as members of the Senate. He also built them their own council hall called Curia Hostilia. Also, it was King Tullus’ duty to lead the empire in religious service but he didn’t care for the ceremony. Eventually, he had to give in to this particular requirement when pestilence had struck Rome and affected his royal house. He then decided to honor the gods by performing his priestly duty, but he didn’t perform the ceremony in the right way. As a result, he was struck by lightening and killed.
Most of what is known about Tullus Hostilius comes from a Roman historian named Titus Livius Patavinus. He was also known as Livy. Most of the events that he ascribes to Tullus’ reign were considered true by many historians. But they also state that some parts of Livy’s explanation of King Tullus’ reign were fictional or more of a myth. Scholars do not doubt that King Hostilius expanded the boundaries of Rome, but they are not quite sure he died from lightning strikes from some angry god. Once again fact and fiction might have been mixed over the years when Livy wrote about King Tullus. Livy was born 600 years after Tullus Hostilius so some of his work could have been interwoven with fictional accounts of this ancient Roman king.
Nebuchadnezzar was the popular king of Babylon who ruled the throne during the time of the Judean exile. He is known to westerners as Nebuchadnezzar and Nebuchadnezzar were how his name was pronounced in ancient times. Chaldaic was a dialect of Aramaic, and it used to be the official language of the Middle East and Mesopotamian region once the Babylonians gained power over the Assyrians. Nebuchadnezzar’s official name was pronounced and written in this ancient language. His name means “Nabu defend my son” or ” a favorite of Nabu”. The deity Nabu was the son of the Babylonian chief god Marduk and Nebuchadnezzar was named after this deity from his father King Nebopolasser, who considered himself to be favored by Marduk.
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Nebuchadnezzar took the throne of Babylon in 605 B.C. when his father passed away from natural causes. This is when he appears on the Biblical Timeline Chart. Before he became king, he was a coregent with Nabopolassar, and he was out fighting many battles to expand the Babylonian empire. Nebuchadnezzar’s father defeated the Assyrians and from this event the Babylonians began to dominate various cultures all throughout the Middle East and the Mesopotamian region.
The Bible states that before Nebuchadnezzar began his conquest the Lord communicated to him that he was supposed to dominate the land of Judah. God had revealed himself to Nebuchadnezzar, and this probably happened through the dreams he had and through the reputation of the Hebrew people. Nebuchadnezzar’s father made it a point to search out ancient records so that he could worship the pagan deities from the past. This too probably helped to inspire Nebuchadnezzar to conquer Judah since the Assyrians had revelations from God that they were given this task for the Israelites they defeated. It should also be kept in mind that many of the Israelites were living in Assyria after the Babylonians took it over, and they too revealed God to the Babylonian rulers.
Nebuchadnezzar had become very powerful and successful with his conquests, and the defeat of Judah was one of his most important victories. A few years after he conquered Judah he had a particular group of young Hebrew boys to become educated within his court. Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego were the young men who would really reveal God to him by their presence.
Daniel interpreting Nebuchadnezzar’s dream
Nebuchadnezzar was prone to have strange dreams that troubled him deeply, and he would usually try to have the Chaldean wise men interpret these dreams. The Chaldean wise men couldn’t interpret his dreams but with God’s help Daniel was able to tell Nebuchadnezzar about his dreams.
King Nebuchadnezzar went insane during a seven-year period during his rule. Nebuchadnezzar honestly believed that he handled being so successful during his reign and would not acknowledge that God was behind his achievements. So God revealed to Nebuchadnezzar that he would go insane and believed that he was a wild animal. Daniel had told the Babylonian king that this would happen and eventually came to pass. After this period was over God allowed Nebuchadnezzar regain his sanity. He then was humble enough to acknowledge that the Lord of the Hebrews was the only true and living God.
Nebuchadnezzar married a Mede princess named Amytis and he spent the early years of his reign conquering the nations of Syria, Phoenicia and Egypt. He managed to subdue the Scythians, Tyre and the Cimmerians. He reconstructed the temples of Marduk, and he created the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon which is considered one of the Seven Great Wonders of the ancient world. Nebuchadnezzar died in 562 B.C. and was succeeded by Amel-Marduk, who is also known as Belshazzar.
Biblical References:
Daniel 1 – 4 There are four key chapters in the book of Daniel that outlines God’s plans for Babylon and King Nebuchadnezzar.
2 Kings 24 and 25 Mentions Nebuchadnezzar’s activities in Judah.
2 Chronicles 36 Mentions Nebuchadnezzar’s activities in Judah from a different perspective.
Esdras was an important scribe and priest for the Jewish people during the time that they returned from exile. Esdras is the Greco-Latin version of the Hebrew name Ezra, and it is also a book of the Apocrypha which is found in some versions of Catholic and Orthodox Bibles. The scribe Ezra has a book in the Bible named after him. He appears in the Old Testament during the time Nehemiah was allowed to return to his homeland to restore the Temple of Solomon and to repair the city that is where he appears on the Bible Timeline. Esdras was in captivity before he returned to Jerusalem. King Cyrus of Persia gave different Jewish leaders the right to return to Jerusalem to start the rebuilding process.
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Esdras was important to this process because he was used to reminding the people of Israel about their relationship and destiny with God. The people were reminded by Esdras on a daily basis about how important it is for them to worship God and to live a life full of holiness since they were allowed to return from captivity. He gave the Israelites important information about the important expectations that God had for them once they returned home. Many Jews had forgotten about Moses’s laws or they didn’t regard them as important anymore. Esdras helped to change this condition because he was a scholar of the Laws of Moses. Even though he was in captivity, he was still able to learn about the important laws that Moses had left for the people.
There are two books titled Esdras within the Apocrypha and the Septuagint. Once again these books can be found in some Catholic or Orthodox versions of the Bible. Some Catholic versions of the Bible contain Esdras 3 and 4. There are two books of Esdras. 1 Esdras tells of Jewish exiles after leaving Persia under Cyrus and how they restored the temple, feasted in honor of their return. How they confronted their enemies who wanted to stop them from rebuilding and how they put away foreign wives and idolatry.
2 Esdras goes into detail about how the different steps that the Jews had to take in order purify the Jews from their marriage of non-Jews. An archangel named Urial is sent to the Jews to answer important questions about the fate of men and tells a story about a man who breaths fire on a crowd of evil men. 2 Esdras also explains how the Lord was against Israel, the end of the age, seven visions of judgments and retributions, prophecies of wars and calamities and rule of Messiah for 400 years.
Even though Esdras 1 and Esdras 2 have been accepted as sacred texts, many biblical scholars do not think that these two books are inspired. The information contained in these books contradicts sound biblical doctrine. The writings also appear to have been authored from a later period after these events happened. Esdras 1 and 2 were not regarded as standard Hebrew texts. These books were obtained after the rabbinical council in Jamina pieced together the Old Testament in 90 A.D. Since Esdras 1 and 2 were found at a date after the Old Testament was formed they were not considered inspired texts by Jews and the Protestant Branch of Christianity. However, there were some Protestant church leaders, such as Martin Luther, who placed Esdras 1 and 2 in their versions of the Bible.
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