Alphabetical Index to Bible Timeline – Page 48 – Amazing Bible Timeline with World History

Posted on June 6, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — Leave a comment

Saxons

The Saxons were a Germanic tribe that was situated on the North German Plain. A large percentage of these people settled in major areas of Great Britain during the early middle ages. Eventually, they formed a part of the Anglo-Saxons group that made up the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, some Saxons opted to remain in Germany, which gave them a chance to fight against the expanding Frankish Empire.

‘Three modern states in Germany are called Saxony: Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Free State of Saxony (from north to south)’

Origins of the Saxons

Initially, the Saxons settled in Northern Albingia, which was an area near modern-day Holstein. This same place was also believed to serve as the homeland of the Angles. Moreover, the Angles and Saxons, as well as a few continental Germanic tribes, were a part of the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain. By the 5th century where it is located on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History. Several inhabitants of these isles referred to Anglo-Saxons collectively. Still, it remained unknown how numerous people left the continent to live in Britain, although there were estimates as for the actual number of settlers who were Anglo-Saxons, which reached 200,000. In the middle ages, the Saxons were observed to have solid influences to the cultures and languages of people from various parts of Europe. Such as the Baltic, Pomeranian West Slavic, Polabian Slavs, North Germanic and the Finnic.

Historical Background

During the prehistoric era, Saxony served as the primary site of numerous ancient monumental temples in Central Europe. These structures dated as far back as the 5th century BC. There were also significant archaeological sites that were found in villages near Leipzig, as well as in Dresden. Based on researchers, the presence of Germanic and Slavic people in modern-day Saxony began as far back as the first century BC. In Ptolemy’s text entitled Geographia, the Saxons were mentioned.

There were also accounts of this writer that called the tribe as Saxons, which remained in the lower part of the River Elbe. However, one of the first accounts of the Saxon name was from Julian, when he mentioned a tribe of Saxons, the Kouadoi. This tribe was referred to as the Chauci, which arrived at the Rhine and caused another group of people called the Salian Franks to relocate into Toxandria, a Belgian territory. By the 5th century AD, the Saxons started to move rapidly throughout areas that are modern-day Germany, Britain and France.

Most Saxon migrants settled in England, where they established power bases and settlements that used to be under the Roman rule. Saxons and some Germans were responsible for the displacement of numerous Celtic and British people, particularly the ones that moved back to Brittany, in France, as well as those who remained in Wales.

However, some Saxons explored other parts of Europe aside from Britain and moved to Germany, specifically in a region considered today as Saxony. Their expansion soon caused some conflicts with the Frankish tribe, which eventually turned into massively destructive battles. Also, the Saxons were firm about retaining their pagan beliefs, although Charlemagne was resolute about converting them to Christianity by all means possible.

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_states_called_Saxony.png

Posted on June 6, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — 5 Comments

Heruli

A powerful tribe that was of East Germanic descent was the Heruli. During the 3rd century where they are located on the Bible Timeline with World History, these people left their land at Scandinavia to cross the Black Sea and settled in various places within the region. They were also known to be a significant part of incursions and raids that were initiated by Goths in Greece and the Balkans during 250 AD.

Features of the Heruli Culture

Based on historians, the Heruli was a tribe that followed polytheistic principles, which were known to practice the rites of making human sacrifices. Also, these people also believed in senicide or the act of assigning a non-family member to kill the elderly and sick individuals. After killing them, the bodies were to be burned on a wood pyre until it is barely recognizable. Moreover, women were ordered to hang themselves upon their husbands’ death.

When Justinian assumed the throne, the Heruli was convinced to adopt Christian beliefs. They also practiced a gentler and more humane way of life.

As for their military skills, the Heruli barely carried any protective armor. They also had no thick jackets or shields. Slaves are also expected to accompany Heruli troops during a combat. However, Heruli slaves were not given a chance to don a shield unless they had already proven their bravery and skills on the battlefield.

Gaining Power and Control

Along with the Goths, the Heruli sacked Athens, Sparta, and Byzantium. However, the Romans defeated them in 269 AD during an encounter near Naissus, which is modern-day Serbia. In the 4th century, this tribe was dominated by the Ostrogoths and the Huns.

In the Battle of Nedao, the Heruli successfully defeated the Huns and formed an independent kingdom. They decided to join forces with Odoacer, who was in charge of the foederati troops that handled deposing Emperor Romulus Augustus during the year 476 AD. By 508 AD, the Lombards defeated the Heruli, which forced them to go back to their homeland in Scandinavia.

The Heruli was mentioned in numerous narrative accounts aside from their collaboration with the Goths during the ravage of the coastal areas of the Black Sea. The Heruls was also one of the raiders in Spain and Gaul, as well as other tribes that conquered these areas such as the Alamanni, Franks, and Saxons. They were also referred to as the Western Heruli because they frequently settled at the lower Rhine.

When the Hunnic kingdom reached its end in 454 AD, as well as the victorious battle for the Heruls at Nedao, these people decided to establish their own kingdom. They chose areas found near the Theiss and March rivers, which is considered as modern-day Slovakia. Eventually, the Heruli teamed up with Odoacer, and this started the solid relationship between the two forces.

Fall of the Herulian Kingdom

When the Lombards conquered the kingdom established by the Heruli, this signaled the end of their powerful reign. There were some Heruls, who decided to join the Lombards while some of them found refuge with other tribes such as the Gepids. There were also reports that the Romans permitted the Heruli to settle in less populated areas near Singidunum. Soon after, there were no further historical records that pertained to this federated kingdom by the Heruli.

References:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263960/Heruli
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Heruli.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heruli_seniores_shield_pattern.svg

Posted on June 5, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — Leave a comment

Ostrogoths

Gaining much control of the northern portion of the Black Sea, the Ostrogoths came from an eastern group of Germanic people. Their name refers to Eastern Goth, or the Goths that are glorified by the sun. On the other hand, the term Visigoth refers to the Western Goth. It was Cassiodorus, a Roman writer, who gave these terms for the tribes during the 6th century.

Origin of the Ostrogoths

These people first became known in history as a tribe that settled in an area surrounding the Black Sea. They made frequent attacks on Roman provinces, which gave them an image of being a resilient and persistent nuisance to the Roman Empire. However, the invasion of the Huns during 375 AD proved to be a major threat to the Romans. It was during the Huns’ conquest that a large percentage of the Ostrogoths sought support and protection by the empire under the rule of Valens. These people then became Visigoths, while the rest of the Goths endured the harsh treatment of the Huns while maintaining a sense of autonomy.

Ostrogoths Rose to Power

When Attila the Hun died in 450 AD, the Ostrogoths finally had their chance to become independent this is where they are charted on the Biblical Timeline with World History. Thus, in 474 AD, Theodoric was appointed as the ruler of the Ostrogoths. With the support from the Byzantine Empire, he led a campaign to invade Italy. At that time, the Byzantine Empire was hoping to regain the victory that was Rome’s.

‘Ostrogoth ear jewels, Metropolitan Museum of Art.’

The empire believed that Theodoric could do this by reclaiming their kingdom held by a Germanic ruler. Indeed, Theodoric succeeded by defeating Odoacer, and he established an Ostrogothic Empire from Sicily to Spain, Italy, and France. The empire remained successful because of Theodoric’s impressive political skills. Roman literature, culture and art were also widely accepted. While his campaigns were financially supported by the Byzantines, he was given an opportunity to independently rule his empire and ensure wholesome relations with the Eastern Roman Empire. .

After the rule of Theodoric, his daughter assumed the throne. Amalasvintha then ruled as the first regent and queen when her son Athalaric died. However, Theodahad ordered for her to be assassinated, and this sparked anger to the Byzantine Empire ruler, Justinian I. Hence, he sent Flavius Belisarius to Italy and reorganized the region including the Empire. Justinian made an offer to the Ostrogoths, and he was allowed them to maintain an independent kingdom if they give him 50 percent of the treasury.

However, the Goths doubted Justinian, and they would only agree if Belisarius were the one who endorsed them. But then, the nobility decided a better solution to the problem, which is by giving Belisarius full authority over the Ostrogothic Empire. Belisarius pretended to agree with this offer, out of loyalty to Justinian. When he was crowned, he decided to claim the entirety of the lands owned by the Ostrogoths including their treasury, with the intention of giving these to Justinian. Various uprisings led by the Ostrogoths later on, but all of these failed. Eventually, the Ostrogoths disappeared and dwelled in various places in Germany, Italy and France.

References:
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11347d.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orecchini_ostrogoti.jpg

Posted on June 4, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — Leave a comment

Huns

Referred to as nomadic people, the Huns have settled in the eastern part of Europe, as well as in Central Asia. They remained in these areas during the 1st to the 7th century where they located on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History. Moreover, they were said to have lived on the eastern coast of the Volga River, particularly in a place that was originally a portion of Scythia. The arrival of the Huns was largely due to the migration of the Scythian people or Alans toward the west.

Origins of the Huns

During the 18th century, scholars have established a link between the Xiongnu people near China and the Huns. However, some studies do not support the proposed link between the two since the Huns were known to have their own language and culture. During the Hunnic Empire, there were other languages that were spoken by the Huns. Such as the East Germanic or Gothic. According to historians, the Huns have prompted the Great Migration, which largely contributed to the fall of the Romans in the west. These nomads also established a strong and unified empire that was ruled by Attila. When he died, the empire fell apart, and its successors decided to occupy various parts of Central Asia and Eastern Europe from the 4th until the 6th century.

Historical Background

The Huns were primarily a Mongolian tribe that conquered some areas in the southeastern portion of Europe beginning 370 AD. They have come across other nomads during their explorations of new lands to conquer including the Visigoths and Ostrogoths. Nevertheless, they succeeded in dominating these groups of people, particularly during their encounters in the Danube that was a territory of the Roman Empire. In 451, these Asiatic warriors conquered Gaul, which served as the temporary center of the Huns’ civilization. While the Huns were considered as nomadic tribes, they were capable of establishing a distinct society. They even transformed the Danube frontier into a trading site where they obtained the finest wine and silk during fairs held annually. They also knew how to make good use of slaves that were captured and defeated in battles. For instance, these slaves were either sold for money or used for menial labor. The Huns also gave their contributions to European culture.

Their stunning artworks made of bronze including their fine jewelry gained popularity during their era. Their works of art were expressed in various forms such as bronze, which was used in crafting impressive vessels and cauldrons. Hunnic women were known for their enchanting pieces of jewelry such as their bracelets and necklaces. These items were embellished with precious jewels that added to their distinct and captivating appearance. Among the jewels commonly used at that time included the lapis, pyrite, pearls, and quartz. The designs and styles applied in these charming accessories were unlike any other, thus proving the creativity and artistry of the Huns. Indeed, the Huns left a legacy that was more than simply their brilliant military techniques. They also showed to the world their ingenuity in trading, art, and various aspects.

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/hun_attila_the.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunnish_-_Bracelet_-_Walters_571082_-_Detail_Front.jpg

Posted on June 2, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — Leave a comment

Chalons Won by Allied Armies of Europe against the Huns in 45, Great Battle of

The Battle of Chalons took place in 451 AD where it is located on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History, as a result of the Huns‘ conquest of Gaul. According to historians, this battle was fought in June 451, but there are some sources that consider September 451 as the date of the battle. The Hun army was led by Attila, where he was supported by about 30,000 to 50,000 soldiers. On the other hand, Flavius Aetius and Theodoric led the Roman army, which was made up of roughly the same number of men as with the Huns.

Cause of the Battle

Prior to 450 AD, the Romans’ control over Gaul (including its surrounding province) had weakened due to invasions from numerous powerful opponents. In that same year, the sister of Emperor Valentinian III agreed to marry Attila, as she believed it would enable her to obtain at least half of the Roman Empire in the West as her dowry.

Great_Battle_of_Chalons_Won_by_Allied_Armies_of_Europe_against_the_Huns_in_451 — “The Huns at the Battle of Chalons”

Attila accepted that offer made by Honoria. However, Valentinian was against their marriage and stood in between Attila and Honoria’s decision. With such refusal by Valentinian, Attila was deeply angered and began to prepare for a battle against the Romans.

King Gaiseric, a Vandal, encouraged Attila’s decision to wage a war against the Roman Empire. In the early months of 451, a group of men joined Attila as they headed across the Rhine. His first attempts to conquer several nearby towns were successful as he sacked various areas including Reims, Cologne, Strasbourg and Amiens. Then, they proceeded to Aurelianum, but Attila was not able to enter as the inhabitants of the city closed the gate.

Meanwhile, Flavius Aetius was gathering his forces in Northern Italy to prevent Attila from advancing to the city. He further moved into southern Gaul, where he was accompanied by a small military force made up of auxiliaries.

Thus, he asked for help from the king of Visigoths named Theodoric I, yet without much support at all. This prompted Aetius to turn to Avitus, who agreed to help him. The two collaborated and convinced Theodoric to take part in their plan including several local tribes.

Accounts of the Battle

Aetius moved towards the north, where he planned to stop Attila while the latter was situated near Aurelianum. Attila’s men learned about Aetius’ plan, and they immediately reported this to their leader. This left Attila without any choice but to head northeast to find a suitable terrain for his army. Eventually, they arrived at the Catalaunian Fields, where they prepared for the battle.

While Romans headed towards the battle ground, Attila ordered his men to assemble for battle the following day. The Huns left their camp and moved to a ridge, which crossed the fields.

Attila ordered his men to advance to their opponents later during the day, as he believed this could give his men a chance to retreat easily after nightfall in case they were defeated. The Huns approached the right portion of the ridge, along with the Gepids and Ostrogoths. Aetius’s army, on the other hand, went to the left side of the ridge, including the Romans, Alans, and Visigoths. As the Huns headed to the peak of the ridge, Aetius successfully arrived first at the crest.

During the battle, Theodoric’s son was killed, while Attila’s army was attacked as they were retreating from the fight. By nightfall, the fight came to an end, and the two parties prepared for another battle the next day.

Attila was still expecting the Romans to attack his army. After waiting awhile, he finally decided to head back with his men across the Rhine. The fight stopped as Aetius contradicted Thorismund’s decision to assault the Huns once more.

Although the actual casualties remained unclear, historians are only certain that the battle damaged Attila’s reputation as a powerful conqueror. However, the Romans’ successful performance at that battle was also one of the few victories gained by the Roman Empire in the West.

References:
http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswarsto1000/p/chalons.htm
http://history.eserver.org/attila-at-chalons.txt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Neuville_-_The_Huns_at_the_Battle_of_Chalons.jpg

Posted on May 31, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — 65 Comments

Rome into 10 Parts, Division of West

Beginning the early parts of the 4th century, the emperors at Rome were already aware of the increasing weakness of the Western Roman Empire. By 330 AD, Constantine decided to move the capital of his empire to Byzantium, which was located in the eastern portion of the empire. While the empire was divided into the east and west, it still functioned as one.

Invasions of the Western Roman Empire

Slowly, the western portion of the Roman Empire was breaking up because of frequent invasions and lack of control by its rulers. When Odoacer became the new ruler in 476 AD, Anglo-Saxon invaders established a German kingdom in England. On the other hand, other tribes founded their own kingdoms in other parts of the empire with the Visigoths settling in Spain, Vandals in North Africa, the Franks in Gaul and the Ostrogoths in the Italian peninsula.

Division_of_West_Rome_into_10_Parts — ‘Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I: from left to right, the territories of Constantine II, Constans I, Dalmatius, and Constantius II. After the death of Constantine I (May 337), this was the formal division of the Empire until Dalmatius was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius.’

‘Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I: from left to right, the territories of Constantine II, Constans I, Dalmatius, and Constantius II. After the death of Constantine I (May 337), this was the formal division of the Empire until Dalmatius was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius.’

With the death of Attila the Hun in 453 AD, the Ostrogoths were finally free from these Mongolian invaders. This also gave them an opportunity to settle within the empire to the south and west part of the Danube. Theodoric became their ruler, and he led the march heading to the eastern Roman empire. The ruler of the Roman Empire in the East attempted to stop the Ostrogoths from entering his lands. So, he encouraged Theodoric to divert his attention to invading Italy.

The Roman emperor also suggested that the Ostrogoths should overthrow Odoacer, who has been Italy’s ruler since 476. Theodoric succeeded in his plans for invading Italy and defeating Odoacer, in 493 AD. Thus, he became the king of Italy while establishing a capital at Ravenna. During his reign, he was able to provide peace and prosperity to Italy. However, civil strife resumed when he died in 526 AD. Justinian, a Roman emperor, regained Italy in the 6th century and managed to maintain its progress for a few years.

Division of Western Rome

The Western Roman Empire was divided into ten parts by 351 to 476 AD where it is located on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History. This era in the history of the Roman Empire lasted for about 125 years, which was from the middle part of the 4th century and up to the last quarter of the 5th century.

By 476 AD, there was a final general agreement made regarding the different parts that made up Western Rome. At this period, the map of the empire underwent a significant change that was often abruptly made. There were also details about the paths of several aggressive nations that charged towards their territories and crossed or re-crossed each of these places for many times. Despite the confusion, historians have arrived at the conclusion that there were ten parts or kingdoms established in the division of West Rome.

The division was made possible by several nations that were largely instrumental in the collapse and breaking up of the Roman Empire. The groups that held Roman territories and formed their own kingdoms included the Franks, Huns, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Heruli, Lombards, Anglo-Saxons, Suevi, Vandals, and Burgundians. Each of the kingdoms established were independent from each other unlike the method followed by the Roman Empire

References:
http://www.pbministries.org/Eschatology/end_times/endtimes_22.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impero_Romano_da_maggio_a_settembre_337.png

Posted on May 30, 2014September 1, 2016 by Amy — 2 Comments

Burgundians

The Romans encountered great problems on how to fight back the frequent invasions of various tribes that threaten its peace, order, and wealth. Among these groups were the Burgundians or a group of aggressive and powerful people from the East Germanic tribe. Based on studies, this tribe originally settled in mainland Scandinavia and moved to Bornholm, a Baltic Island. Afterwards, they traveled to Bornholm, and they explored the Vistula basin, which is near modern-day Poland. Some members of the tribe relocated to the west and crossed the Rhine in 406 AD. Afterwards, they remained in the Rhine Valley and formed their own independent kingdom. On the other hand, a few Burgundians chose to stay in their homeland in the Oder-Vistula basin. Here, they established a contingent in the Hunnic army of Attila in 451 AD where it is charted on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History.

Burgundian and Christianity

A number of Burgundians who settled in the east decided to adopt the Arian practice of Christianity in place of their old beliefs called Germanic polytheism. When they imbibed the teachings of Arianism, this sparked suspicion between the Catholic Church of the Western Roman Empire and the Burgundians. Nevertheless, King Gundobad (a Burgundian) fostered a good personal relationship with the Bishop of Vienne named Avitus. Even the son of Gundobad was a Catholic, and several Burgundians decided to convert including a number of females in the ruling family.

‘Kingdom of the Burgundians in around 500’

Historical Background

According to Roman scholars including Pliny and Tacitus, minimal information was available about the origins of the Germanic tribes from the east portion of the Elbe River and the Baltic Sea. However, Pliny mentioned the Burgundians, along with the Goths, Vandals and other eastern Germanic tribes.

Claudius Ptolemy wrote that that the Burgundians lived in various places including the Vistula Rivers, Suevus, the southern part of coast-dwelling tribes, and the northern portion of Luii. Jordanes, another writer, also noted that the Burgundians who were once in the Vistula basin were nearly annihilated by the King of the Gepids, during the 3rd century.

In the latter part of the 3rd century, it was discovered that the Burgundians lived on the east portion of the Rhine river banks. They also confronted the Roman Gaul with the hopes of dwelling in this place. There were also accounts of the defeat of the Burgundians in Gaul, with Emperor Probus gaining victory after the battle.

As for Ammaianus Marcellinus were the Romans’ descendants. However, the Romans barely gave any accounts of the Burgundians migrating from Poland. Yet, other Vandals were noted as moving westward during this period. Thus, there were some doubts regarding the connection between the western and eastern Burgundians.

About 40 years later, this tribe of people nomads the Burgundians appeared once again. The northern tribes successfully crossed the river Rhine, and they made their way through the Germanic migrations. Included in the crossing were the Suevi, Vandals, Alans, and a few Burgundians. A percentage of Burgundians set off westwards while the other half remained in their Oder-Vistula homeland.

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundians#Background
http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Families/Family/45453

Posted on May 29, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — 2 Comments

Lombards

The Lombards once gained full control of Italy from 568 until 774 AD where they are located on the Biblical Timeline with World History. According to historians, this Germanic tribe came from a smaller group of people called the Winnili. They were originally from Scandinavia and eventually migrated to various areas in search of new lands to conquer. By the 1st century AD, the Lombards formed a portion of the Suebi that was located in northwestern Germany. Four centuries after, they transferred to another area that was situated in the northern part of the Danube river. They also fought with the Heruls and Gepids during a few encounters with these other tribes.

‘Paul the Deacon, historian of the Lombards.’

The Rise of the Lombards

King Audoin, a Lombard, successfully defeated the Gepid military leader named Thurisind in 551 AD. When Alboin took the place of this great Lombard king, he was able to destroy the Gepids during the Battle of Asfeld. With much inspiration from his victories, Alboin led his people to settle in Italy. At that time, the land depopulated as a result of the Gothic War. Upon reaching Italy, the Lombards joined a few other tribes such as the Gepids, Ostrogoths, Saxons, Bulgars, Heruls and Thuringians. In 559 AD, the Lombards had already invaded all of the major cities in the northern part of the Po River. Even several areas of the southern and central portions of Italy succumbed to this powerful tribe. The Lombards established a kingdom called Regnum Italicum, which was situated in Italy. However, the kingdom fell apart when it was conquered by King Charlemagne, a Frankish ruler who decided to integrate this into his very own empire. Nevertheless, Lombard nobilities maintained control of some parts of Italy into the 11th century until they were invaded by the Normans.

Origin of the Lombards

In a written account by Paul the Deacon, a historian, the history and practices of the Lombards may be taken from the document made in the 7th century, which explained the origin of this tribe. In the said narrative, there was a small tribe referred to as the Winnili that lived in southern Scandinavia. The tribe was divided into three groups, and one of these departed from their homeland in search for foreign fields. Based on researchers, a possible reason for this would be overpopulation. In one occasion, the Vandals, another powerful tribe, were preparing for war against the Winnili. Before the battle, they prayed to Godan, who replied that victory will be given to those who would come first at the battlefield before the sun rises. However, the Winnili were much fewer in number, and they asked for advice from Frea. The goddess suggested that all of the women should tie and wear their hair in the front part of their faces like a beard. They must also march along with their husbands. When Godan found them early in the morning, he asked Frea who these long-beard mean were. Frea only answered that it is only fair that this tribe should be given victory. Thus, this started the name “Lombard”. Originally, it was referred to as Langobardi, Lombardi, and Lombards. These people also grew their beards in memory of Godan, and they decided to keep this appearance that gave them a distinct quality from the others.

References:
http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/westeurope/Lombards.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346673/Lombard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PauDia_010.PNG

Posted on May 27, 2014October 4, 2017 by Amy — Leave a comment

Yemenite Kingdom Subject to the Abyssinians

Various civilizations were on the rise during the peak of the Yemenite Kingdom, specifically in Mesopotamia, Egypt and several areas situated nearby the Mediterranean Sea. In fact, Yemen served as a widely recognized and significant trade link that connected these civilizations. Numerous goods were traded including incense, which was popular among pre-Islamic nations that took part in the trades.

The Minaean kingdom (1200 to 650 BC) became quite popular at that time because of its spices and frankincense. Another nation that was regarded as its great success and prosperity was Sheba, which was regarded as its efficient irrigation and farming system. A few other nations that were a part of the trade included Hadhramaut and the Qataban kingdoms. These two kingdoms eventually became a part of South Yemen.

Himyar was another pre-Islamic kingdom during that era, which was also joined in the trade. The kingdom was formed during the first century BC, and it ended in about 500 AD where it is located on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History. At that time, Sheba and Himyar had a significant impact on the Yemenite kingdom. These states were even coined as the Arabia Felix because of their prosperity that surpassed several nations.

Conquer of the Yemenite Kingdom

Yemenite_Kingdom_Subject_to_the_Abyssinians — Red Sea

During the first century BC, Egypt was invaded by Rome, and the Red Sea was turned into the new major route of commerce. Hence, the Arabian kingdoms in the southern part of the nation reached their decline as caravan routes were no longer widely recognized by traders in that era. Soon, the regimes in Yemen also became much weaker as the other trading kingdoms were no longer able to protect the nation from the invasion of the Abyssinians, which is now referred to as Ethiopia. The conquest began in the 4th century by the Abyssinian kingdom, which was followed by the Sassanids in the 6th century. By the 7th century, the Islamic era was on the rise, and this resulted in a significant part of the formation of the Yemeni people and the entire kingdom.

Beginning 525 AD, Yemen succumbed to an intense time of turmoil with the Abyssinians. It also lasted for about 50 years and was eventually followed by the Persians’ rule and control over Yemen. It was also during this period that there was an extensive conflict in terms of the tribal, religious and political aspects of the kingdom. The main purpose of the Persians was to seize the Romans by gaining victory over the Abyssinian army stationed in Yemen. At around 575 AD, the Abyssinians were finally defeated because of the powerful Persian army that reigned supreme over their opponents.

For over 70 years, the Yemenite kingdom was controlled by the Abyssinians. This was also during the time when Christianity was considered as a significant religion throughout the land. Also, the Abyssinians also ruled over some portions of the Arabia Felix.

However, the reign of Abyssinians came to an end when they finally left Yemen, along with the troops of Ayrit, who was the leader of the 70,000 army. The Himyarite ruler, being aware of his defeat, decided to drown himself when he knew that his reign was soon to reach its end. He was also the last ruler of the line of emperors by the Himyarites.

References:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/yemen/history-4.htm
http://www.cs.nmsu.edu/~fmohamed/ancient-ye.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg

Posted on May 26, 2014November 11, 2018 by Amy — Leave a comment

Laodicea Council 360 AD

Arranged the Canon of Old and New Testament

In about 360 AD where it is marked in the Biblical Timeline Poster, the Laodicea Ad Lycum, or simply the Laodicea, is where the Synod convened in Phrygia Pacatiana. This place is quite different from Syria’s Laodicea, much to the confusion of some people. While the actual year of the council remains to be unclear, some reports state that the event was held in 365 AD. On the other hand, there are others who agree that it was probably in 363 AD when the council convened.

Laodicia_Council_360_AD — ‘Colonnaded Street in Laodicea’

There were those who hoped that the 7th canon would provide a hint to settle the accurate date of the Council once and for all. For instance, it was during the 4th century that the great Bishop Photinus rose into prominence. There were more Eusebians during the synod held at Antioch (about 344 AD), as well as the Orthodox situated at Milan that condemned him. In 366, this bishop died out of banishment and condemnations.

To put it safely, it may be best to consider that the Synod of Laodicea met at about 343 to 381 years. It also took place over the years that the Sardican and Second Ecumenical Council were held. Moreover, people have come to terms with the minimal importance of knowing the accurate date of the council.

Key Facts about the Council of Laodicea

The Laodicea Council was referred to as a regional synod that was composed of 30 clerics all coming from Asia Minor. They all gathered in Laodicea, specifically in Phrygia Pacatiana from the year 363 to 364 AD. Moreover, the council commenced after the Roman and Persian War, which was waged by the last of the Constantinian emperor named Julian. He aimed to revive the practice of paganism in the empire while discriminating and punishing Christians.

According to researchers, the 59th canon put restrictions on the canonical books included in the Old and the New Testament. Then, the 60th cannon provided a list of all the books, where the New Testament consisted of 26 books, not including the Apocalypse or Book of Revelation. On the other hand, there were 22 books in the Old Testament, which was also made up of the 22 scriptures of the Hebrew version of the Bible. Also included in the Old Testament were the Epistle of Jeremy, as well as the Book of the prophet Baruch.

However, there were some doubts that circulated in terms of the 60th canon’s authenticity. The reason for this was the missing manuscripts that were added eventually to present the content of the books included in the 59th canon. Thus, Cyril provided a list that matched the one presented in the Laodicea Council, in 350 AD.

In the said council (which Cyril was a part of), a list was given to show all the books included in the Holy Scriptures. This list was not contradictory to the one provided by Eusebius. In fact, Eusebius suggested that there should be unity in terms of the accepted writings recognized by the Church. Thus, he was against the reading of scriptures that were not generally received to avoid confusion among the Christians who are exposed to these writings in the Bible.

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea
http://biblehub.com/library/davidson/the_canon_of_the_bible/chapter_vii_the_bible_canon.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laodicea_(2).JPG