Kat Cendana – Page 40 – Amazing Bible Timeline with World History

Posted on May 12, 2016May 12, 2016 by Kat Cendana — 2 Comments

Micah

Background

The prophet Micah was born in the town of Moresheth-Gath, an agricultural town in southern Judah. His name means “who is like God.” He was active between 742 and 687 BC during the overlapping reigns of Jotham and Ahaz, as well as Hezekiah. Which is where he is listed on the Biblical Timeline Poster. Most of the situations Micah wrote about occurred during the reigns of Jotham and Ahaz, but his prophecies were written during much of Hezekiah’s reign which may have brought about the religious reformation he initiated.

He lived around the same time period as the prophets Hosea, Isaiah, and Amos. While Micah came from and prophesied in the country, Isaiah lived and prophesied in Jerusalem. Samaria was on the verge of collapse because of repeated invasions of the Neo-Assyrian army during the writing of the book of Micah and Judah itself was not doing very well during the reigns of Jotham and Ahaz.

The Book of Micah

The prophecies of Micah are divided into three parts:

The condemnation against Samaria and Judah because of various sins the people committed.
The future punishment for these negative actions, including the doom that the Assyrian armies will bring about.
The hope for a restoration of Israel after their repentance.

Throughout the book, the condemnation, the punishment, and the hope for restoration repeatedly and consistently follow each other.

Condemnation:

Part I

Accusations against Samaria and Jerusalem (1:2-5)
Judgment against rich oppressors (2:1-5)
Judgment against false prophets (2:6-11)

Part II

Judgment against Israel’s oppressive and corrupt leaders who receive bribes; paid prophets (3:1-4; 8-11)

Part III

Judgment against dishonest merchants and corrupt and violent wealthy people (6:10-12)
Judgment against officials and judges who accept bribes and twist justice (7:1-6)

Punishment

Part I

Destruction of Samaria, followed by Judah (1:6-7; v 9-16)
Punishment for the wealthy oppressors (2:3-5)
Eviction from their homes (2:10)

Part II

Darkness and disgrace for false prophets (3:5-7); destruction of Jerusalem and Mount Zion (3:12)

Part III

Economic ruin for dishonest merchants and rich yet corrupt people (6:13-15)
Downfall of corrupt officials and judges (7:7-10)

Restoration

Part I

Return from exile of those who were in captivity and restoration of those who remained in Israel (2:12-13)

Part II

Restoration of Mount Zion, peace between the nations of the earth, and prosperity (4:1-5)
Israel’s return from exile (4:6-8)
The promise of a ruler from Bethlehem who will rescue the people from the Assyrians (5:2-6)
Purification of the remnants of Israel (5:7-15)

Part III

Forgiveness of sins and compassion on the people (7:14-20)

References:
Holy Bible: New Living Translation. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1996
Picture By 18-century icon painter – Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi monastery, Karelia, north Russia, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3235604

Posted on May 11, 2016May 11, 2016 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Arabs and the Philistines, Wars with

Apart from the Egyptians and the Canaanites, the Philistines were some of the first groups of people the ancient Israelites interacted with. They coexisted peacefully (such as in the time of the patriarchs), but this was broken when Israel emerged as a rival in territories and power in southern Levant during the early Iron Age. The was with the Arabs and the Philistines is listed on the Bible Timeline Chart around 700 BC.

The Philistines, also known as Sea People, settled on the coast of Canaan around 1100 BC. They lived in what was known as a pentapolis of Philistia, which was a group of five cities. This included Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath. The cities were bordered by the land assigned to the tribe of Judah in the east and Dan in the north. The Philistines were the predominant military power in the area, and they repeatedly invaded Israel during the combined reigns of Saul and David.

wars — “The Philistines, also known as Sea People, settled on the coast of Canaan”

One of the Arab tribes that came into contact with Israel is the Midianites who were traders (Genesis 37:28-36), allies (Exodus 18:1; Numbers 10:29), or enemies (Numbers 22; Joshua 13:21; Judges 6) at different periods in Israel’s existence. The rise of the tribes linked and their contact with Israel and Judah came later during the reign of Jehoshaphat (871 BC to 850 BC). The nomadic tribes lived in the wide expanse of the Arabian peninsula which bordered the territories of the Edomites and Arameans.

During the time of Saul and David, Israel had significant victories over the Philistines, but they also lost major battles against them. The Philistines were subdued during the time of Solomon (2 Chronicles 9:26) and some, along with the neighboring Arabs, paid tributes to Jehoshaphat during his reign (2 Chronicles 17:11).

The Philistines once again became Judah’s enemy during the reign of Jehoram (2 Chronicles 21:16). They banded together with Arabs to attack him. Jehoram’s palace was looted, and his wife and sons were taken as captives by his enemies. Only Ahaziah was left among his children.

A hundred years later Uzziah won battles against the Philistines and Arabs. He took the cities of Gath, Jabneh, and Ashdod, and rebuilt towns near the Philistine territory (2 Chronicles 26:6-7). The Philistines invaded towns in Judah during the reign of Uzziah’s grandson King Ahaz, but his son King Hezekiah defeated the Philistines and drove them back “as far as Gaza and its territory” (2 Kings 18:8).

References:
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Philistine-people

Posted on May 10, 2016May 10, 2016 by Kat Cendana — 9 Comments

Ezekiel

Background

Ezekiel, whose name means ‘God strengthens,’ was born in Jerusalem during a time of great upheavals caused by the invading Babylonian army. He can be found on the Biblical Timeline at the end of 600 BC. Ezekiel is introduced in the first chapter as ‘the priest, the son of Buzi’. He received one of his first fantastic visions of four-faced and winged creatures as well as ‘the appearance of the likeness of the glory of God’ while living in exile near the Kebar river in Babylon. His ministry started seven years before the final destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. and covered the events between 590 B.C. and 571 B.C. He was already working as a priest when he was captured and taken to Babylon in 597 B.C.

Daniel and Ezekiel were roughly the same age, although Daniel was already established in his prophetic ministry in Babylon by the time Ezekiel arrived (Ezekiel 14:14 and 20, 28:3). Ezekiel was married, the death of his wife is recorded in Ezekiel 24:15-27.

The Book of Ezekiel

“Biblical illustration of Book of Ezekiel Chapter 37”

Destruction of Jerusalem

Ezekiel’s prophecies are divided into three parts:

the condemnation of Judah and the total destruction of Jerusalem (chapters 1-24)
the prophecies against foreign nations (25-39)
the plans for rebuilding the new temple (40-48)

The first part consists of a series of prophecies concerning Judah. He was called by God to prophesy against the people by eating a scroll with laments written on it (2:8-10; 3:1-3). The prophecies of Ezekiel about the fall of Jerusalem were full of symbolism which included

* The drawing of a map of Jerusalem under siege on a clay tablet (4:1-3).

* Lying on his left side for 390 days for each year of Israel’s sins and 40 days on his right side for each year of Judah’s sins (4:4-8).

* The ration of bread baked with cow dung as fuel to symbolize scarcity and Israel’s impending captivity into the land of the Gentiles (4:9-17).

* The divine razor used by Ezekiel in cutting up his hair into three parts which symbolized the people who will die of famine and disease in the city, those killed outside the city walls, and those who will be scattered (5:1-13).

The last prophecies against Jerusalem can be read on the 24^th chapter, while the 25^th chapter up to the 32^nd is series of messages against Judah’s neighbors. Those who received condemnation were the Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Philistines, the Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon, and Egyptians.

Promise of Restoration

Ezekiel is not all gloom and doom. The last parts of his prophecies were promises of restoration. His fantastic vision of a valley full of dry bones connecting with each other and coming back to life is a symbol of hope for the people of Israel who will be freed from captivity and will return to Jerusalem in due time (37:1-14). He received a vision as early as the 14^th year from the fall of Jerusalem (40:1) about God’s detailed plans for a new temple. Ezekiel also received instructions on the new borders and divisions of the land for each tribe. A sacred site will be allotted between Judah and Benjamin as the place where the new temple will stand. A river of healing will flow out from the temple to the Dead Sea.

References:
Curtis, Adrian, and Herbert G. May. Oxford Bible Atlas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007
https://bible.org/article/introduction-book-ezekiel
Picture By Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18884417

Posted on May 9, 2016August 22, 2016 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Apostle Matthias

Judas Iscariot’s betrayal and his death by suicide led Jesus’ disciples to find another man to replace him as the twelfth apostle. This was initiated by the apostle Peter after Jesus’ resurrection while they stayed in an upstairs room in Jerusalem. The rest of the ten apostles were with him, as well as Jesus’ brother, his mother, and other women who followed him during his ministry.

Other believers were with them also, and they decided to choose someone who followed Jesus from the time of his baptism up to his ascension to heaven. Two men were nominated as Judas’ replacement: Matthias (abbreviation of Mattathias which means “a gift of God” but not to be confused with Matthew) and Joseph Barsabas (also called Justus). After they had cast lots, Matthias was chosen as one of the twelve disciples (Acts 1:1-26). He was one of those who was filled with the Holy Spirit on the day of the Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4). However, he was not mentioned again in any New Testament books after this brief introduction in the Acts of the Apostles.

It was said that he penned the apocryphal Gospel of Matthias (now lost) during his ministry as mentioned by Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Eusebius, and Jerome. He first ministered in Judea and traveled to Macedonia where he preached the gospel. In Macedonia, he was challenged to drink a cup of poison to test his faith but escaped alive from this episode, and he even healed the people who were blinded after they drank the same poison. He then traveled to Ethiopia, Cappadocia, and Sebastople where he supposedly died. In another version of the apostle’s death, it was said that he was stoned and beheaded or crucified by the Jews. His body was buried in Jerusalem but transported later to Rome by Helen, the mother of Emperor Constantine.

His feast day is on the 14th of May.

References:
Zwiep, A. W. Judas and the Choice of Matthias: A Study on Context and Concern of Acts 1:15-26. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004
Cave, William, and Jeremy Taylor. Antiquitates Apostolicae, Or, The History of the Lives, Acts and Martyrdoms of the Holy Apostles of Our Saviour, and the Two Evangelists, SS. Mark and Luke to Which Is Added, an Introductory Discourse concerning the Three Great Dispensations of the Church, Patriarchal, Mosaical, and Evangelical: Being a Continuation of Antiquitates Christianae, Or, The Life and Death of the Holy Jesus. London: Printed by R. Norton for R. Royston …, 1677
http://www.passionistnuns.org/Saints/StMatthias/
Picture By Wolfgang Sauber – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7763554

Posted on May 6, 2016May 6, 2016 by Kat Cendana — 9 Comments

Jews Return from Captivity in Babylon and Begin to Rebuild the Temple

The nobles and elite of Judean society remained in Babylonian captivity years after they were driven out from Judah by Nebuchadnezzar. After seventy years, another powerful kingdom rose east of Mesopotamia led by King Cyrus of Persia of the Achaemenid dynasty. Who allowed the Jews their freedom which is recorded on the Biblical Timeline Chart around mid 500 BC. After securing his kingdom in 554 BC, Cyrus looked outward and conquered neighboring states which included the Neo-Babylonian empire.

“Zerubbabel displays a plan of Jerusalem to Cyrus the Great.”

By 539 BC, Cyrus had defeated Babylon’s last king Nabonidus. Cyrus was known as a clever strategist and a savvy political king, and he presented himself as a liberator of the people conquered by Babylon. He was tolerant of other religions, and one of his greatest acts as king was to free the Jews who lived in captivity in Babylon since the time of Nebuchadnezzar. His goodness to the Jews was so appreciated that he was considered as the only foreign messiah (Isaiah 45:1-13) chosen by the Lord.

The Jews, led by Zerubbabel and others, traveled from Babylon in 538 BC, and the full list of people who returned with him is listed in the 2nd chapter of Ezra. Upon their arrival, some of the people settled in Jerusalem while others returned to their own towns. They began to rebuild the temple during the second year after they arrived in Jerusalem (Ezra 3:8).

References:
Picture By Jacob van Loo – http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Zerubbabel-Showing-a-Plan-of-Jerusalem-to-Cyrus-Posters_i1739460_.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5972166

Posted on May 5, 2016March 10, 2023 by Kat Cendana — 2 Comments

Temple, The Completion of the Second

In 586 BC, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the temple Solomon built and proceeded to deport the people of Judah to Babylon. The temple was rebuilt later, which is recorded on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History around 530 BC.

According to the Bible, they stayed in captivity for seventy years until the rise of King Cyrus of Persia, who conquered the Neo-Babylonian empire. Cyrus allowed the exiles to return to Jerusalem from Babylon in 538 BC, and more than 40,000 people (Ezra 2:64) chose to go back to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel. They brought with them gold and silver articles recovered from the Babylonian temple after Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem.

The first thing they did was to rebuild the altar and offer sacrifices to the Lord after they had settled in Jerusalem. The construction of the second temple began in 520 BC, which was two years after they arrived in Jerusalem. Cedar logs from Lebanon were imported to build the temple, and the foundation was completed soon after. But some local residents opposed the building of the second temple, and they discouraged the former exiles from continuing with the construction. The construction work will not resume until the second year of the reign of King Darius (Ezra 4).

The people led by Zerubbabel and Jeshua resumed the construction of the temple after the encouragement of prophets Haggai and Zechariah. But the governor of Trans-Euphrates Tattenai banded together with some people to discourage them again. He schemed by sending a letter to the new Persian king Darius asking him to confirm an earlier decree by King Cyrus, which permitted the people of Judah to rebuild their temple.

Darius discovered a memorandum by Cyrus and told Tattenai to allow the people to continue the temple construction. Tattenai was also instructed to help the Jews and pay for the full construction cost. He followed Darius’ decree and the second temple was completed in 516 BC, which was the sixth year of Darius’ reign (Ezra 6). The temple was dedicated to the Lord and sacrifices were offered there once again. Ezra the scribe arrived in Jerusalem soon after the construction of the temple was completed.

References:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Building_of_Solomon%27s_temple-_The_Craftsmen_in_the_quarries.jpg

Posted on May 4, 2016May 4, 2016 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Jerusalem, Destruction of

The destruction of Jerusalem that was done by King Nebuchadnezzar is recorded on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History around 600 BC. This started with King Jehoiakim of Judah who decided to rebel after three years of paying tribute to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar assembled his army and raided Judah as punishment for Jehoiakim’s rebellion. Egypt was also subdued at this point and this expansion of territory made Babylon the greatest empire during this period (2 Kings 24:1-7).

Jehoiakim’s son Jehoiachin succeeded his father as king of Judah and was taken as a prisoner by Nebuchadnezzar to Babylon during the first stage of exile. Nebuchadnezzar also deported Jehoiachin’s wives, mother, officials, troops, craftsmen, artisans, and other members of Jerusalem’s nobles. He stripped the temple of Jerusalem of its treasures and carried them away to Babylon.

Jerusalem_Destroyed — “Nabuchodonosor Has Zedekiah’s Children Killed before his Eyes”

“Nabuchodonosor Has Zedekiah’s Children Killed before his Eyes”

The second phase of exile was during the reign of Zedekiah whom Nebuchadnezzar himself appointed to rule the province of Judah. Zedekiah rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar and because of this the Babylonian king led a siege of Jerusalem for two years. The siege was followed by severe famine, and soon the defenses of the city failed. The king’s soldiers fled, and Zedekiah made an attempt to escape the city. But the Babylonians caught up with him on the plains of Jericho. He was brought to Nebuchadnezzar, who then killed his sons, blinded him, and carried him off to Babylon as punishment for his rebellion.

Nebuchadnezzar commanded his captain of the guards to spare nothing and set all of Jerusalem on fire in the nineteenth year of his reign. The royal palace and temple of the Lord were destroyed. The walls of Jerusalem were also torn down under his supervision and the rest of the people (except those who tended the fields) were exiled to Babylon (2 Kings 25:8-12).

Before the complete destruction of the temple of Jerusalem, Nebuzaradan broke up the bronze pillars of the temple and took away the bronze, gold, as well as silver articles. The remaining people including the high priest, an officer of the Judean army, the king’s personal advisers, and others were put to death at Riblah before Nebuchadnezzar.

Nebuchadnezzar appointed Gedaliah as governor of Judah, but he was killed in Mizpah along with other Babylonians and Judeans by a member of the royal family called Ishmael. The people of Judah remained captives in Babylon for seventy years until the rise of King Cyrus of Persia (Jeremiah 25:1-14 and 29:10).

Picture Reference:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:François-Xavier_Fabre_-_Nabuchodonosor_Has_Zedekiah%27s_Children_Killed_before_his_Eyes.jpg

Posted on May 3, 2016October 20, 2016 by Kat Cendana — 4 Comments

James the Lesser

There are two apostles named James mentioned in the Bible: James the Greater and James the Lesser. The descriptions of the two men do not mean that the second James was not as great as the first one—the description was merely used to distinguish the two James with the second one as the younger or smaller between them. He was also titled the Lesser because he was called much later by Jesus than James the Greater as an apostle.

“Statue of St. James the Less in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by Angelo de Rossi.”

James the Lesser was the son of Alphaeus (Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:8; Luke 6:15) while James the Greater was the son of Zebedee. His mother was Mary of Cleophas (sister of Jesus’ mother) according to 5th-century theologian Jerome and 1st-century bishop Papias of Hierapolis. He was also identified as the brother of Jude Thaddeus and possibly one of Jesus’ brothers (according to Galatians 1:19 and again according to Jerome).

Readers of the Bible can only find a few verses about James the Lesser and what he did for the early church. He was one of the apostles who witnessed Christ’s resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:7), a confidante of Peter when he was on the run from Herod Agrippa (Acts 12:17), and later rose to prominence in the church along with the other apostles (Acts 15; 21:18; Galatians 2:9). He was also credited as the writer of the Epistle of James.

According to Roman historian Eusebius, James became the bishop of Jerusalem but was killed by the Jewish mob after the successful appeal of Paul to Caesar in 62 AD. He was thrown down from a parapet and clubbed to death after he refused to abandon the Christian faith. His feast day is on the 1st of May along with Phillip the Evangelist.

References:
Ropes, James H. Epistle of St. James International Critical Commentary Volume 41 of International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. A&C Black, 2000
Eusebius, and Paul L. Maier. Eusebius–the Church History: A New Translation with Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999
http://www.catholictradition.org/Saints/feast-days.htm
Picture By Jastrow – Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2845668

Posted on May 2, 2016May 2, 2016 by Kat Cendana — 12 Comments

Temple, The Second Decree to Rebuild the

The rebuilding of the temple started with Cyrus the Great but was completed under the reign of Darius I. This is recorded on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History about 500 BC.

After the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great in 539 BC, the exiled Jews were absorbed into the vast Persian empire. Since the fall of Judah and their captivity in Babylon, the Jews had been looking forward to their liberation. It seemed that they looked on Cyrus the Great as the liberator they had been promised in Isaiah 45.

Cyrus allowed the exiles to return to Judah and build a temple for God in Jerusalem by issuing a decree. Nearly 50,000 Jews traveled from Babylon to Jerusalem (Ezra 2:64). They brought with them silver and gold, as well as other important articles from Solomon’s temple that were looted by Nebuchadnezzar. These were entrusted to the care of Sheshbazzar (Zerubbabel) and were carried to Jerusalem.

Darius_I — “The temple was finished and blessed in 516 BC with a lavish celebration.”

“The temple was finished and blessed in 516 BC with a lavish celebration.”

Rebuilding the temple was not an easy task after their arrival in Jerusalem, and they faced opposition from people who were resettled there by King Esarhaddon of Assyria (Ezra 4:1-5). The construction work stopped because of strong opposition from the locals, and it was not until Darius I became king of the Persian empire when the rebuilding of the temple resumed.

Tattenai, governor of Trans-Euphrates, sent a letter to Darius to stir trouble for the temple builders. He asked the king to investigate if Cyrus indeed issued a decree for rebuilding the temple during the first year of his reign. Tattenai’s plot to discourage the Jews backfired when Darius found a scroll of Cyrus’ decree in the citadel of Ecbatana in Media which allowed the exiles to return and rebuild the temple. In addition, Tattenai received additional instruction from Darius to help the Jews rebuild their Temple by paying for the construction cost. Anyone who changed the edict would be punished severely according to the edict of Darius (Ezra 5:1-17 and 6:1-12).

Tattenai and the people who banded with him stopped opposing the builders after the second decree by Darius I was issued. The temple was finished and blessed in 516 BC with a lavish celebration. The celebration of the Passover was revived shortly after the temple was rebuilt (Ezra 6:13-22).

Posted on April 29, 2016April 29, 2016 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Burial Mounds in Illinois

One of the most distinct aspects of native North American culture is the presence of mounds. Most of these earthworks were constructed by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture and have been around for over 5000 years. The Burial mounds are listed on the Bible Timeline with World History around 500 BC. These mounds are scattered around Illinois, Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee River Valleys; the oldest of which is the Watson Brake near the Ouachita River in Louisiana.

These mounds were constructed to be used as simple platforms, landmarks, and bases of temples or houses. Others were used as bases for mortuary temples while others were constructed exclusively for burial. Some were shaped to resemble rings, domes, cones, ovals, and larger complex geometric forms.

The mounds in the Cahokia, Kincaid, and Dickson archeological sites in Illinois are some of the well-known burial mounds in North America. The Cahokia and Kincaid Mounds are located in the southern part of the state while the Dickson Mounds are found in central Illinois near Lewistown.

Cahokia Mounds

“One of the most distinct aspects of native North American culture is the presence of mounds.”

The Cahokia site was named after the Native American tribe that settled in the area much later than the original settlers and builders of the mounds. One of the most important finds in the area is Mound 72, a burial mound located in Collinsville, Illinois. It is south of the Monks Mound and rises to 2,789 feet. Up to 250 skeletons were found in the burial pits after excavations made between 1967 and 1971 by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee crew.

This carefully planned mound revealed the “beaded burial” of an important member of the Cahokian community. It contained an adult male buried on top of a platform of marine shell beads and other individuals buried with grave goods. The male may have been the city’s ruler and buried with him were slaves who were to serve him in the afterlife.

Later burials within the area of Mound 72 included a quartet of skeletons with missing heads and hands. A rectangular pit that served as the burial ground for 53 females whose age ranged between 15 to 30 years old was also excavated.

Another burial pit was discovered along the southern part of the mound, and this contained the skeletons of 39 individuals who met a violent end. They were a mix of males and females, and their gruesome deaths were evident with their decapitated or fractured skulls and broken jawbones.

Kincaid Mounds

The Kincaid Mounds located near the Ohio River straddles the Illinois-Kentucky border and feature a burial mound excavated by the University of Chicago in 1936. The Pope County Mound 2 is located at the east end of the Kincaid Mound where two separate-leveled burials were found in a single mound. The upper-level burials have stone-lined crypts while the lower level burials were lined with logs.

Dickson Mounds

The Dickson Mounds were named after the chiropractor Don Dickson, who owned the family farm where the mounds were discovered. The excavation began in 1927, and they unearthed up to 3000 burials, including four decapitated individuals who were sacrificed at the site. The excavated skeletons were on display in the museum during the 1930s but are now sealed from public view at the request of the Native American people.

References:
http://archive.archaeology.org/9801/newsbriefs/mounds.html
http://www.examiner.com/article/why-and-how-did-native-americans-build-mounds
http://www4.uwm.edu/archlab/cahokia/mound72.cfm
http://www.kincaidmounds.com/history.htm
Snow, Dean R. Archaeology of Native North America. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010