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Julius Caesar was one of the greatest rulers of ancient Rome. He was born around 100 B.C. and he was assassinated in 44 B.C. during the Ides of March. Caesar lived a busy life when he was the consul of Rome and through his efforts he had had helped to shape Rome into an empire. After Caesar had passed away he did not have a legitimate heir to take his place. He adopted his sister’s grandson named Gaius Octavius who rose to the position of consul after he had died.
Gaius Octavius was given the name Emperor Augustus and he was the first of the Julian Emperors. Julian Emperors are the historical name of five Roman rulers who were the direct descendants of Julius Caesar. They included Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. They appear on the Biblical Timeline with world history between 44 BC and AD 68.
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When Caesar was alive he was a womanizer and he had many children. All of Caesar’s children were born through his many extramarital affairs and for this reason they were illegitimate. He had a daughter named Julia with his first wife Cornelia Cinnilla. Since she was a female she was not able to claim the throne. She had a grandchild that was born from his daughter Julia, but that child died shortly after being born.
Caesar had also married two other women named Pompeia and Calpurnia Pisonis, but they did not bear him any children. Caesar had an affair with the famous Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the child’s name was Caesarion (or little Caesar), but he would not allow this particular child to become a legitimate ruler of Rome. Octavius (later emperor Augustus) had Caesarion assassinated in his teenage years to keep him from trying to become the next ruler.
Julian Emperors
Emperor Augustus was the first ruler of the Julian Emperors and he governed Rome from 27 B.C. until his death in 14 A.D. Julius Caesar was his maternal great uncle and had named him his adopted son and heir. His reign contained the relative era of peace known as the Pax Romana. Both his adoptive surname, Caesar, and his title Augustus became the permanent titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire for fourteen centuries after his death.
Emperor Tiberius
Tiberius became emperor of Rome in 14 A.D. and he ruled the empire until the time of his death in 37 A.D. When Emperor Augustus had passed away he left a will with specific instructions about keeping the descendants of Julius Caesar on the throne as emperor. Many of the senators and other ruling governors agreed to this demand. Many of Caesar’s descendants died before Tiberius’ reign had ended. Shortly before it was over Caesar’s descendant Caligula was designated the next ruler.
Emperor Caligula
Emperor Caligula’s birth name was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Caligula was a childhood nickname that was used by Germanicus once he became emperor. When he was chosen to become the ruler of Rome he was to share this power with his cousin Tiberus Gemellus. Caligula ended up assassinating him so he could become the sole ruler of Rome. Emperor Caligula and his family were assassinated in 41 B.C. He died after ruling the empire for only three years.
Emperor Claudius
Emperor Claudius became the next ruler and he was the uncle of Claudius. He was supported by the Praetorian Guard. He ended up marrying four women, but none of his children with these women succeeded him as emperor. During his marriage to Aggripina the Younger, he had adopted his nephew Nero so that he would become the next emperor.
Emperor Nero
Emperor Nero ruled Rome from 54 A.D. to 68 A.D. and he was not a well liked or respected ruler. He had committed suicide in 68 A.D. and he was the last Julian emperor.
Consul Julius Caesar was one of the greatest rulers of Rome. During his reign, he had set the stage for transferring the Roman Republic into a worldwide empire. Caesar was born in 100 B.C. and ruled Rome for 5 years starting in 49 B.C., which is where he appears on the Bible Timeline with world history.
Gaius Julius Caesar was born to into the Julius family that was one of the oldest, wealthiest and most well-known family lines in ancient Rome. This particular family group was supposed to have descended from a god named Iulus, who is supposed to have been a son of the goddess Venus. The name Caesar is derived from caesarian which means “to cut” in Latin. Historians are not clear about Caesar’s childhood but since he was a member of a wealthy patrician clan, it is safe to assume that he was educated in his youth.
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His father was also named Gaius Julius Caesar, and he was a governor of Asia. His mother was named Aurelia Cotta, and she was also a wealthy woman. Caesar had lived a good life during childhood and father died when he turned 16 years old. Caesar was also chosen to be the head priest of the temple of Jupiter.
Julius Caesar
He had to marry a woman to keep this position, and he married his first wife named Cornelia before he reached 18 years old. A Roman leader named Sulla had become a dictator and decided to eliminate all of his political enemies. Caesar was listed as one of his nemesis because he was the nephew of one of his enemies named Marius. He was stripped of his position as high priest, he lost his inheritance and was forced to divorce his wife. He had to go into hiding until conditions were favorable for his return.
Eventually, Caesar was able to go back to Rome but he turned toward a military career since he lost his priesthood. His early days in the military consisted of typical army related duties such as besieging enemy towns and making alliances with kings. Caesar was also captured by pirates whom he later located and had executed. He was elected military tribune and quaestor by 69 B.C. Some even compared him to Alexander the Great. He had served in Spain as a military commander and when he returned from his duties he became the Pontifex Maximus or Roman high priest.
Caesar had also become involved in the legal field and had helped to persecute corrupt Roman governors. Caesar had six legions under his control, and he used these forces to subdue the barbarian tribes all throughout Europe. Caesar had also managed to become a leading politician in Rome. He was popular with the people, and when he was not fighting against Germanic tribes in the north, he was forming political alliances and dealing with enemies in Rome. He formed an alliance known as the First Triumvirate, and it consisted of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus. The First Triumvirate was a secret alliance of wealthy and politically powerful men who ruled Rome despite the Senate.
Their power ended in 53 B.C. with the death of Crassus and the alliance between Pompey and Caesar fell apart when Caesar’s daughter (who was married to Pompey) died in childbirth. Pompey was elected sole consul of Rome and married the daughter of one of Caesar’s enemies. This move clearly revealed that Pompey no longer desired to be aligned with Caesar. A civil war was about to break out in Rome. Pompey accused Caesar of treason and insubordination and told him to disband his army. Caesar did not comply with his demands. In 49 B.C. Caesar took one of his legions and marched on Rome. Pompey and the Senate, who supported him, fled Rome even though they had a standing army. Caesar left Mark Antony in charge of Rome and pursued Pompey until he defeated his forces in Greece.
Pompey had managed capture and ended up in Egypt where he was assassinated. Once he arrived in Egypt stopped the civil war between Cleopatra VII and her brother Ptolemy. He favored Cleopatra VII and had an affair with her. She gave him a son that he would not allow to become the heir of Rome.
Caesar had destroyed the last remnants of Pompey’s supporters, and he began to work on transforming the republic into an empire. He centralized a powerful government in Rome; he put down all resistance from conquered territories, and he then brought all of the provinces of Rome together under one central authority that stemmed from Rome. These three steps transformed the republic into an empire.
Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C. by people who opposed his reforms. Caesar’s life was full of adventure, intrigue, deception, murder, love, passion and politics. He is forever remembered as one of the greatest rulers of Rome and in the history of the world.
The Han Dynasty ruled China between the years 220 B.C. to A.D 220. The Han rulers had transformed Chinese culture and these changes still impact China and the rest of the world in modern times. Throughout the four hundred year time period that the Han ruled China, they had to constantly fight many wars. Around 50 B.C., the Han Emperor Xuan ruled China and during his reign he had to deal with the warring tribes which resided north of the Chinese Empire and the Xiongnu. It was a time of incessant war in China and is referred to as such on the Bible Timeline with World History during this time period.
Securing the Silk Road
The Silk Road was a series of overland and seaside trade routes that stretched from China to the Roman Empire. The Silk Road was an important part of the Chinese economy and various tribes such as the Hsiung Nu had made it a point to take control of this important route. Even though former Han rulers had managed to keep this tribe from overrunning the Silk Road, Emperor Xuan had to constantly make sure that the Silk Road was secure from outside forces.
Han Wars with Vietnam and Korea around 50 A.D.
The Han rulers had conquered the former Qin Dynasty, but some rebellious elements still remained in China. The rebellious Qin never regained power and many were eliminated or assimilated into China’s culture under the leadership of the Han. The Han also attacked Vietnam and Korea. During the reign of the Han, Dynasty armies were sent to annex Vietnam and make it a vassal state to the Chinese. The Vietnamese fought back against the Han, but they were not successful expect for a short time period when the Han leaders were driven out by a determined warrior. The Vietnamese remained under the control of China up until 938 A.D. The Koreans suffered the same fate as the Vietnamese and they too were kept under the authority of the Chinese for hundreds of years starting with the Han. Rebels and freedom fighters constantly fought for freedom from their Chinese rulers. Emperor Xuan had to contend with both of these regions.
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There was a group of people who lived north of China known as the Xiongnu and they constantly harassed the Han rulers in China. They were a tribal group that also caused the Chinese problems along the Silk Road. Emperor Xuan had to contend with them during his reign. Eventually the Xiongnu fought a series of civil wars during the rule of Emperor Xuan. Many of his generals wanted to eliminate Xiongnu, but the Emperor had prevented them from acting. He encouraged peace and most of the Xiongnu had weakened their kingdom. The Xiongnu ended up paying tribute to Emperor Xuan.
Emperor Xuan Keeps China in Power
Even though the rulers of the Han Dynasty had ended up bringing many great changes to China, there were still many enemies who wanted to make sure that China would not remain in power forever. The Chinese constantly had to keep the outer fringes of their empire under control because so many invaders were trying to overrun their territory. The northern border was especially vulnerable to this type of activity and Han rulers had to constantly monitor the borders to ensure that their enemies would not disrupt their way of life. Emperor Xuan had to continue this effort during his time in power over the Haun Dynasty and he was successful of maintaining and exerting China’s power during his time in power.
The Carthaginian General Hannibal was a formidable foe that put fear into the heart of the Roman Republic. He was one of the few people in all of history who realistically could have prematurely stopped Rome from becoming a powerful empire. After Hannibal had defeated a Roman Consul named Gaius Flaminius in the first Punic War the Roman Senate decided to elect Fabius Maximus to the role of dictator. This happened in 221 BC that is where it appears in the Bible and World History Timeline.
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Call to Dictatorship
A Roman dictator was given all power in time of crises, and no one could challenge their power or authority. Once Fabius Maximus had taken this position, he immediately began to set out to stop Hannibal from destroying Rome. The first important thing that he did was to appease the ancient Roman gods. Religion was an important part of Fabius’ life, and once he became a dictator, he decided to honor them with a huge sacrifice that was given by all the people of Rome. He also had the people throw festivals in their honor and to pay a certain sum of money to the Roman treasury. He supposedly had won the gods over with his efforts. After performing all of these rituals, he turned his attention back to Hannibal.
Fabius Maximus was an experienced politician and warrior when he was given the position of dictator. He knew better than to take Hannibal on in a pitched battle and decided to fight a war of attrition against him. He used guerrilla warfare and delay tactics to slow down Hannibal’s advancement toward Rome. Many of the generals and commanders did not like his plans and wanted to rush immediately in to destroy Hannibal.
Conflict with Minucius
This lack of unity between Maximus and his troops motivated one of them named Minucius to attack the Romans. Fortunately for the Romans, Minucius was victorious but Maximus was outraged at his disobedience and wanted him executed. Minucius was protected by another group of Roman politicians who made him a dictator as well since he was popular with the people, and his methods seemed to work.
Minucius then publically attacked Maximus claiming that he was a coward who was afraid to confront directly Hannibal’s forces. The younger Minucius had managed to gain enough support to split the army in half. He then became more aggressive and outright assaulted the Carthaginians at the battle of Gerione. Minucius was defeated at this battle, and Fabius had to come to his rescue. Once he saved the younger general and his defeated Roman forces, he won his respect. Minucius no longer challenged his power. After this event, Fabius Maximus had stepped down from being a dictator.
Maximus Last Days as a Dictator
Shortly after his term as dictator had ended a politician named Gaius Varro became the next Consul. Varro managed to get the politicians and the people to abandon Maximus’ attrition strategy so that they could fight Hannibal in open battle. Maximus warned many Roman leaders that this would prove to be a disaster if Varro would lose against Hannibal. Apparently, Varro had raised an army that was nearly 100,000 men strong and it would have drained most of the Republic’s force that was needed to defend the city of Rome.
Varro’s army was defeated, and Maximus was proven right. The people and the Roman leaders turned to Maximus once again for leadership. He stopped people from fleeing the city and began to start mourning rituals that once again were performed to honor the gods. He also reinstated his policy for delaying Hannibal and it remained in effect up until the time that the Romans defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama. Fabius had passed away in 203 B.C. and never saw the outcome of this battle.
Antiochus IV Epiphanes was the son of Antiochus III and he ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 B.C. to 164 B.C. which is where he appears on the World History Timeline. His birth name was Mithridates, but he changed his name to Antiochus III Epiphanes once he took over the throne. King Antiochus IV didn’t become the king of the Seleucid Empire after his father Antiochus III had died. His brother Seleucus IV became the next king of the empire. Seleucus IV was the oldest prince and was supposed to take the throne. When he became king he gave his own son as a hostage to the Romans so that Antiochus IV didn’t have to live in a foreign land.
The former king Antiochus III had to make a peace treaty with Rome after he was defeated by them in 188 B.C. One of the major conditions of this treaty forced the Seleucids to give the Romans some of his male heirs to the throne. Rome did this so that they could keep control over their defeated enemies. Seleucus IV decided to give up his son as a hostage in his brother’s place.
Eventually, Seleucus IV was assassinated by a usurper to the throne in 175 B.C. and Antiochus IV then removed the usurper to become king. He forced Seleucus IV son to remain in Rome and he killed another one of his sons a few years later. He married a woman named Laodice IV and he had five children with her. Some scholars and historians claim that Antiochus IV was also an illegitimate ruler to the Seleucid throne. As a result of his actions, many people tried to take the head of the Seleucid Empire after he had died. This event led to a widespread civil war all throughout the Seleucid Empire. These events seriously weakened the Seleucid Dynasty.
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Even though Antiochus IV ruled only 10 years his reign would be one of the most memorable in all of the history of the Seleucid Empire. King Antiochus IV was considered a mad man and an evil ruler by many of his contemporaries. During his reign, he had a showed a lot of hatred toward the Jewish people. His father Antiochus III had temporarily turned against the Jews but stopped once he realized what he was doing. King Antiochus IV persecution of the Jews began when he accepted a bribe from a Jewish official named Jason who wanted to become the high priest and governor of Judah. He then continued a campaign to Hellenize Judea and he made it a point to desecrate God’s Temple. Eventually, the Jewish people rose up in opposition against his tyranny and gained their freedom from the Seleucid’s.
King Antiochus IV also defeated the Egyptians that were being ruled by the Ptolemy’s. He dealt with Parthian armies in the east to keep his empire together and he had to avoid making the Romans upset because of their treaty. King Antiochus IV died in 164 B.C. due to an unknown disease. He was succeeded by his son Antiochus V Eupator.
The Persians had come to power under King Cyrus the Great, and they had conquered many kingdoms, empires, and city-states. The reach of the Persian Empire spread far and wide across the ancient world. They conquered territories in the east as far as India and conquered lands in the west that stretched all the way to Egypt. In the time of their conquest and expansion the Persians wanted to conquer the Greeks. The wars eventually ended in 450 BC. They appear on the World History Timeline between 500 BC and 450 BC
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Greek hoplite and Persian warrior fighting each other
Many historical records that outline this war has been recorded by the Greeks and by a first class historian named Herodotus. The Persians didn’t leave much information about their war with the Greeks even though evidence of their wars with the Greeks could be found in other historical sources.
The war was initially started when Cyrus the Great attacked Lydia after he successfully rebelled against the Medians. During his conquest of Lydia, he had asked the Ionians (early Greeks) to fight against this empire. The kingdom of Lydia ruled over the Ionians at the time, but the Greeks didn’t want to join the Persians in a battle against them in case they lost the war.
After the Persians had conquered Lydia, the Greeks decided to submit to Persian rule but Cyrus the Great refused this offer he sent his armies against the various Greek city-states to punish them for their rebellion. Eventually, the Persians conquered the Ionian city states but the conquered Greeks were not easily controlled. Cyrus had set up tyrants to rule the Greek city-states, but the Greeks didn’t approve of them at all. Over time the Greeks rebelled and by 493 B.C. the Persian province of Greece had experienced major rebellions and social disorder. By this time, another Persian ruler named Darius the Great was on the throne and the Greeks had decided to remove completely themselves from the bonds of the Persian yoke.
Darius the Great realized that Greek rebellion would ultimately pose a serious threat to the stability of the Persian Empire. So he decided to put down the Greek rebellions for once and all by sending a sizeable force into the region. The Persian forces managed to destroy many Greek cities that they encountered, and as they made their way toward the middle part of the Greek territory, the Ionians began to fight back against them. This proved to be futile because Persia defeated the Greeks with ease. Many of the Greek states had decided to accept King Darius’ terms of peace, but Athens and Sparta refused to submit to the power of the Persians. After they had killed the ambassadors that were sent by Persia to these two city-states, the Persians began their assault on Greece.
In 490 B.C., the Persian invasion of Greece was already in full swing, and many of the Greeks along the coastal areas were defeated and enslaved by the Persian Empire. The first real test for the Persians happened in at the Battle of Marathon where Athenian forces managed to halt the Persian advance. The Greeks routed the mighty Persian army and sent them fleeing home.
The Persians were not going to let go of Greece so easily, so they regrouped and attacked Greece once again in 480 B.C. The Persians were primarily crossing overland this time, and they would have to pass through an area of Greece known as Thermopylae to reach the Athens and Persians. The 300 Spartans led by King Leonidas I was allied with the Athenians and a few other city-states to make a stand against Persia. The Spartans went ahead of their allies and took on the large Persian army at a narrow pass in the Thermopylae Mountains. This was probably the most famous battle of the Greco-Persian war. They managed to slow down the Persians and inflict heavy casualties before they were defeated.
Persia was being ruled by a king named Xerxes in 480 B.C. King Xerxes continued his push deeper into Greece after he had defeated the Allies at Thermopylae. For the next few years, the Persians kept advancing against the Greeks until they were routed by the Athenian, Spartans, and their allies in the battles of Plataea and Mycale. When the allied Greek forces won this battle, it was the turning point of the whole Greco-Persian conflict. After that battle had taken place many Greek city states that had willfully submitted to Persian dominance rebelled. The Greek Allies then went on the offensive and through a series of battles they managed to defeat and drive the Persian armies out of their territory. By 477 B.C. mainland, Greece was free from Persian rule.
The Greeks had managed to decimate pretty much any remaining Persian forces in Greece by 460 B.C., and the Persians had grown tired of the Greeks. Eventually, the Greeks realized that they no longer wanted to stay in a continual state of warfare with the Persians and by 450 B.C. both sides had agreed to peace, and this ended the Greco-Persian War. The Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus was the last battle that was fought between these two opposing forces. Once Greece gained its independence, they were never conquered by the Persians again.
Tanaquil was the wife of Tarquinius Priscus, who is known in history as the fifth king of Rome began his rule 616 BC that is where he appears in the Bible and World History Timeline Chart. Tanaquil wasn’t only Tarquinius’ queen, her cunning and influence helped Tarquinius to gain the Roman throne. She also managed to rule in Rome through her son Servius Tullius after Tarquinius’ was assassinated. Early in the 6th century B.C. Tanaquil was married to Tarquinius, and they lived in the region known as Etruria.
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Tanaquil came from a wealthy family, and she was a woman who understood how important it is to have power. She wanted her husband Tarquinius to be a ruling member in Etruria, but the people would not accept him to this position because he wasn’t a pure Etruria nobleman. Tanaquil realized that her husband couldn’t gain power in her homeland, so she convinced him to go to Rome and seize power from the old king Marcius. King Marcius was an old man who had two sons, and he befriended Tarquinius once he arrived in Rome. Tanaquil manipulated many people and events to get her husband into a good position with the King.
One day while King Marcius’ sons were away on a hunting trip, Tanquil had the people to vote Tarquinius into office as the new regent. The Senate approved this measure because Tarquinius had become very popular with the people, and this was primarily due to his wife. King Marcius was too old to stop the process, and his sons didn’t know what was going on until it was too late. King Marcius’ sons were teenagers who were supposed to become the next rulers. Tarquinius managed to convince the Senate that he would be a wiser choice than the two young princes. One day the two boys would become men and avenge Tarquinius’ treachery.
Meanwhile, King Tarquinius Priscus became the fifth monarch of ancient Rome. Once he was in power, he immediately expanded the number of the senate by 200 extra members. He did this so that he would always have a control of the Senate since most of them were sympathetic toward his rule. Once he became the king he set up the circus maximus that would become a Roman public spectacle until the empire ended. King Priscus also modernized Rome as much as possible by upgrading buildings and adding more structures such as an outer wall and sewer. The new king strengthened Rome’s military forces by expanding the cavalry units.
Rome constantly fought against the Latina and Sabine since it was first ruled by Romulus. During King Priscus’ reign, he fought against the Etruscan tribes and conquered these people once again for Rome. His military conquest expanded Rome’s borders further than any other king before him. Rome had now become a regional power that would help to establish the future empire that would emerge from the kingdom.
These were exciting times for King Priscus and his wife Tanaquil, but strange events started to occur at the palace that were going to change the course of Rome forever. According to legend, King Priscus had a servant boy named Servius. One day Servius was sleeping near the king and queen and as he slept strange flames began to burn around his head. Servius slept while the fire burned all around him, and as another slave was about to put out the flames, Tanaquil ordered him not to take this action. She then revealed to the king and the people that Servius was special and that he should raise as her child. The king agreed and Servius was made a prince. King Priscus and Queen Tanaquil had two daughters as well.
Some time had passed, and the sons of the former King Marcius were old enough to seek their revenge. They decided to assassinate the King Tarquinius. They managed to carry out their assignation plot, but Queen Tanaquil had kept his death hidden from the people. Instead, she told them that Tarquinius placed Servius in control. Once again the two sons of King Marcius were denied their right to rule. Eventually, the two sons of King Marcius were eliminated, and they no longer remained a threat. King Priscus’ reign would be the first in series of rulers who would make Rome one of the greatest empires in all of history.
King Joash (or Jehoash) ruled Israel during the time Amaziah was king of Judah which is where he appears on the Bible World History Timeline. Joash means that “God has given”. He was the son of King Jehoahaz. When King Joash ruled Israel, he publically promoted the worship of God. However, he inwardly continued the pagan practices of the Golden Calf Cult.
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After Israel had divided into two separate kingdoms, Israeli kings started this religious system as a means to control the masses. They did not want to lose their power by allowing Judah and Israel to reunite into one kingdom. King Joash authorized priests and created shrines to continue this cult.
God was not pleased with his actions. Joash didn’t completely hate God or his followers. There was a group of prophets who lived in Israel and Judah. These prophets were originally led by Elijah, who taught them in the ways of God. After Elijah had been taken into heaven by God, Elisha took his place. The prophet Elisha performed many miracles and spoke many prophetic messages from the Lord during the reign of Joash.
When Elisha was on his death bed, King Joash came to his side. Elisha liked King Joash as well, and the last prophecy that he made in his life was made about the king. Elisha told Joash that he would defeat the Arameans. The Arameans were a group of people that constantly harassed and plagued Israel, and Joash had temporarily subdued them during his reign. When King Joash was ruling Israel, another king named Amaziah ruled the land of Judah.
King Amaziah wanted to defeat the enemies of Judah that had been causing him problems. So he prepared his armies to deal with the threat and he also hired some Israeli mercenaries. A prophet was sent to King Amaziah, who told the king not to use the services of the Israeli army because they will lose the battle. King Amaziah wisely listened to the advice of the prophet. He released the mercenaries, and they were angry. Instead of returning to Israel they decided to attack various towns in Judah after King Amaziah took his troops into battle.
When King Amaziah found about their treachery, he sent a message to Joash challenging him to a fight. King Joash also knew about what the mercenaries had done and told King Amaziah that he would be a fool to fight against him. King Amaziah didn’t listen, and they went to war. King Joash defeated King Amaziah and captured him. Once King Joash captured him, he forced Amaziah to watch as he plundered Solomon’s Temple. He also made King Amaziah watch as he destroyed a section of Jerusalem’s protective wall. King Joash then took some captives and returned to Israel. King Amaziah learned his lesson and never bothered Joash again. Eventually, King Joash had died and was buried with his ancestors in Samaria. His son, Jeroboam then became the next king of Israel.
Biblical References:
2 Kings 13: 10 -13 Joash took over the throne of Israel after Jehoahaz. He rules for 16 years, and he did what was evil in the sight of God
2 Kings 14: 8 -14 Amaziah challenges Joash to a war after Israeli mercenaries destroy towns in Judah
2 Chronicles 25: 5 -13 Amaziah discharges the Israeli mercenaries, and they destroy the towns in Judah; this is when he issues the challenge to Joash.
2 Kings 13: 14 – 20 Elisha makes his last prophecy about Joash.
2 Kings 14: 16 Joash dies and his son Jeroboam becomes the next king.
