The Ark of the Covenant wasn’t always in the hands of the Israelites. It was taken from them by the Philistines for a period of time until it was returned. This event is listed on the Bible Timeline Poster around 1180 BC.
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The Ark of the Covenant is a wooden chest with a pure gold covering that contains the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. It was created at Sinai using the pattern given by God to Moses (Ex. 25:10-22; 37:1-9). The Ark served as Israel’s guide in the journey through the wilderness (Num. 10:33-36). It also served as a symbol of God’s presence (I Sam 4:4).
“Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant”
The Ark was brought by the Israelites throughout their travel in the desert and during wars. When they set to conquer Canaan under the leadership of Joshua, they carried the Ark with them, and the Jordan River split allowing them to pass into the land of Canaan (Josh. 3). In the Battle of Jericho, their first battle in the conquest of Canaan, they carried the Ark and marched around the city for days with armed men and the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets. On the seventh day, the wall of Jericho fell and the Israelites took over the city (Josh. 6). After the conquest, Joshua set up the Ark, together with the tabernacle, in Shiloh (Josh. 18). The Ark remained in Shiloh until the battle between the Israelites and the Philistines during the time of Eli.
When the Israelites were defeated by the Philistines, they took the Ark to Eben-ezer hoping to win the next battle. However they were defeated again, and the Ark was taken by the Philistines (I Sam. 4:3-5, 10, 11). In Shiloh, the High Priest Eli fell dead upon hearing the news of the Ark’s capture (I Sam. 4:12-18).
The Philistines brought the Ark with them to their capital city, Ashdod and put it in the temple of their idol god Dagon. However, on the next day, the statue of Dagon had fallen to the ground. The same thing happened again the following day. Soon after, the city of Ashdod suffered misfortune as plague after plague struck the city. The Ark was moved to the city of Gath and then Ekron, but the plague continued (I Sam. 5:1-12).
After keeping the Ark for seven months, the Philistines decided to return it to the Israelites together with offerings of expensive gifts upon the advice of their diviners and priests. The Ark was brought back to Beit Shemesh and then transported to Kiryat Yearim, where it stayed for twenty years (I Sam. 6:1-18, 21; 7:1-2).
Mound Builders were ancient civilizations that inhabited North America and built earthen mounds for religious, burial, ceremonial, and residential purposes during a 5,000-year period. They are listed on the Bible Timeline Poster starting around 1000 BC. The mound builders are divided into three groups: the Adena culture, the Hopewell culture, and the Mississippian culture. The Adena and Hopewell cultures were prominent during the Woodland period, which lasted from 1000 BC to 700 AD.
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The Hopewell culture originated from southern Illinois and spread into Ohio and across the Midwest region. Their influence, however, extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Appalachians. The Hopewell people were renowned for their geometric earthworks. They built large dome-shaped or conical burial mounds with elaborate earthen walls. Some mounds even reaching 65 ft. They also built mounds that were effigies of animals. The areas of their geometric enclosures ranged from 2.5 to 120 acres or 1 to 50 hectares. Their earthworks were generally of ritual architecture.
The Hopewell people were skilled in crafts and arts. They made ceramic pots, wove mats, and even carved figures from metals, bones, and woods. They were also skilled in making spear points and knives. They had animal skins for clothing and wore jewelry from copper and shells. From the Illinois Valley, the Hopewell culture had spread by way of trading using well-developed trade routes. Major Hopewell settlements can be found in Ohio, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, New York, and Ontario.
“The popular “Great Serpent Mound” situated in southern Ohio was constructed by the Adena culture.”
Before the emergence of the Hopewell culture, there was the Adena culture. The Adena is sometimes thought of as a precursor to the traditions of the Hopewell culture. The first group of mound builders, the Adena built small burial mounds of about 20-300 feet in diameter in Ohio, West Virginia, and the nearby states. The popular “Great Serpent Mound” situated in southern Ohio was constructed by the Adena culture. Following Hopewell was the Mississippian culture. It is the third group of mound builders, extending from the Mississippi Valley to Alabama, Georgia, and then Florida. The culture built large flat-topped mounds on which temples and meeting houses/residences were built.
Not much is known on why the three mound building cultures ended. Experts believe that invading tribes and warfare greatly contributed to it. What remains of these cultures are the earthworks they have built, which are scattered in several areas of North America.
Theodosius served Rome as its emperor from the years 379 to 395 AD where he is listed on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History. He was the last ruler that governed the empire’s western and eastern halves. Theodosius the Great was focused on the control of invaders that threatened the empire, specifically the Goths. However, he failed to expel them. This led to their success in establishing a base in the southern part of Danube after the historic Gothic War. Nevertheless, Theodosius did the best he could on his campaigns during the two civil wars. In fact, he defeated Eugenius and Magnus Maximus, who were usurpers and threatened the Roman Empire.
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Born in the land of Hispania, Theodosius was the son of a renowned military officer. It was because of his father’s experience in the military that he gained techniques in this field. This allowed him to participate in his father’s campaigns in 368. By 373, he was appointed as Upper Moesia’s governor. His initial successes included overseeing the hostilities that existed against the Alemanni and the Samaritans. Theodosius was Moesia’s military commander, but he decided to go back to Hispania after his father was executed. One of the possible reasons why this happened was the supposed dismissal of Theodosius from his command which was ordered by Emperor Valentinian I. This was due to the defeat of Theodosius’ army in 374 when they fought against the Samaritans.
Rise in Politics
During the years 364 to 375, Valentinian I and Valens ruled the Roman Empire. However, Gratian and Valentinian II replaced their father after his death. In the major battle that occurred in Adrianople, Valens died. Theodosius was then asked to head the Illyrian army, under the request of Gratian. Since there was no one to take Valens’ place after his death, Theodosius was appointed as the co-Augustus of eastern Rome.
“There was a significant problem among the Romans from recruiting barbarians.”
However, Gratian died in the rebellion during 383. This gave Theodosius the chance to appoint Arcadius, who was his elder son, to become the East’s co-ruler. Also, Honorius, the younger son of Theodosius, was proclaimed the West’s co-ruler. This occurred after the death of Valentinian.
Theodosius was focused on defeating the Gothic invasion, as well as their allies that were then situated in eastern Pannonia Inferior and Dacia. However, the crisis caused Gratian to leave for Trier. This allowed Theodosius to put his plans into action with greater effectiveness. There was a significant problem among the Romans from recruiting barbarians to go into battle against their fellow barbarians. He decided to look for healthy and able-bodied soldiers, yet there was a risk involved since the fighters were not loyal to him.
This great Roman ruler handled issuing a decree that the Roman Empire’s official state church was Nicene Christianity. He also did his part in preserving some important structures known throughout history including the Temple of Apollo, Serapeum in Alexandria and other famous Hellenistic temples constructed centuries ago. The Roman Empire soon reached its decline in power after his death when the west and east halves failed to reunite due to political reasons and menacing invaders.
Also known as the Hopewell tradition and is listed on the Bible Timeline Poster around 500 AD but began as early as 200 BC. This depicts different features of the culture of Native Americans in the United States, specifically in the midwestern and northeastern parts. This tradition was practiced in several societies instead of being focused only in one area. Those that adopted this culture were connected by trade routes referred to as the Exchange System. These routes extend from the southeastern parts of the United States. They would go as far as the Crystal River Indian Mounds and right into the north on the Canadian shores.
Insights on the Hopewell Culture
Trading is performed in the Hopewell Exchange System. Several items were traded including exotic materials that these were used by the people involved in the manufacturing and trading industry. After receiving these materials, the items were turned into products to be exported. In fact, these goods were brought to various parts of the United States.
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The Hopewell culture depicts different features of the culture of Native Americans in the United States, specifically in the midwestern and northeastern parts.
The culture began in the western parts of New York which eventually spread into Ohio. However, there were claims that the Hopewell culture began in western Illinois. Initially, it was Warren Moorehead who first used the term Hopewell after he conducted explorations in Ross County, in Ohio. He studied the mound group in this area, and the group got its name from the family that once owned earthworks there.
According to historians, the Hopewell population displayed a high sense of social stability. They also specialized in using their resources to meet the needs of the growing population. The people also performed certain practices such as the cremation of deceased individuals. Graves that had more amounts of status goods and elaborate designs were regarded as having a higher ranking, which is particular among the hunters.
As for the rulers of the Hopewellian people, these were not the typical powerful and commanding authorities who only lead soldiers and slaves. Instead, these are individuals who possessed a high level of leadership skills and mastered the art of persuasion, particularly around religion and trade.
Legacy
The intricate, yet interesting artwork of the Hopewell population was one of their greatest legacies. In fact, these are considered as some of the finest artwork discovered in America. Their craftwork also possessed some significance in terms of religion, and it was typical for the graves of deceased Hopewellian to be embellished with necklaces, fine ceremonial pottery, pendants and fascinating carvings from wood or bone. There were also woven mats and stones that lined the graves.
The people were creative and resourceful. They transformed regular materials such as seashells, copper, Grizzly bear teeth, and shark’s teeth into lovely crafts. The artisans were also excellent carvers, and their mortuary mounds usually include carved pipes and statues.
The Hopewell population was considered an expert in artwork and trading. They possessed brilliant qualities and skills that enabled them to flourish as a strong society for many years.
Prior to the rise of Missippian Mound Builders is found on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History around 700 AD. This culture started in North America hundreds of years before the construction of the pyramids in Egypt. According to historians, these people created some earthen mounds of varied styles that were used in elite residences, burials, and religious ceremonies. There were different cultures included in the Mound Builders such as the Pre-Columbian during the Archaic, Mississippian and the Woodland period that covers the Hopewell and Adena cultures. All of these were within the years 3500 BC and until 16 AD. These cultures started and flourished in various areas including regions in the Ohio River Valley, Mississippi River Valley, and the Great Lakes.
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Scholars agreed that indigenous people living in America built these mounds. In fact, there were Spanish explorers who visited several Mississippi cities during the 16th century that dealt with the natives and learned more about their cultures. These explorers also discovered several artifacts that formed the concept that the natives were indeed responsible for these mounds built within certain regions in the Americas. The study of these cultures was mainly done through anthropology and archeology.
Interesting Facts about Mound Builders
“The Kincaid Site, a Mississippian settlement in southern Illinois.”
Originally, “mound builder” was a term that pertained to the people who made various earthworks during the 16th to the 19th centuries. These people excelled in constructing mounds and structures used in burial and other ceremonies. Among these masterpieces included platform mounds and structures with elongated ridges or flat/rounded tops. They were also designed as a part of their intricate villages presenting the specialized knowledge and skill of the builders. In Louisiana, for instance, there were some earthworks believed to have been built as early as 3500 BC. A type of culture called hunter-gatherer built these earthworks.
One of the finest creations by mound builders was a pyramidal structure that comes with a flat top called the Monks Mounds. This was the largest earthwork in the pre-Columbian period with an estimated height of 100 feet. They are situated around Collinsville, Illinois. There were inhabited by about 20,000 people until the Europeans came after the year 1800. Other structures included effigy mounds; these come in the shape of animals there were considered significant by the people. For example, the Serpent Mound which was a popular effigy mound and it is located in southern Ohio. The structure, as the name implies, appears as an undulating serpent, and it reaches more than 1330 feet in length.
Some tribal groups have their own cultures and beliefs, and they all built mounds based on their culture. Also, their creations had some relevance with cosmology revealing the in-depth knowledge of these builders. In 3500 BC, which was the Middle Archaic period, the Watson Brake was built. It was regarded as North America’s oldest mound complexes. It served as a marker of the culture’s social and political complexity.
When the Civil War started, the zenith of the Mound Builders reached its end. Nevertheless, there were discoveries made including the shell middens and coastal mounds, in 1861. There were also other mounds studied by scientists including the ones found in the Newark Complex, among a few others.
General Edmund Allenby, the leader of the British Army, succeeded in capturing the city of Jerusalem in 1917. However, the British people had to face some conflicts with the city, which originated in the Ottoman rule. There was an agreement made in terms of the electric and water supply, as well as the building of a tramway system, which was signed by Jerusalem and Euripides Mavromatis, who was a citizen of Greece. Ottoman authorities granted all these concessions, but when it wasn’t applied the British to questioned the validity of the agreement. The Mavromatis concession was intended to be abolished by the British, but it ended up covering Jerusalem including other localities that are within at least 20 kilometers surrounding the Church of Holy Sepulchre.
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Beginning 1922 until 1948, Jerusalem’s population increased to 165,000 after being only a mere 52,000. A large percentage of its people were Jews while the rest were Christian and Muslim Arabs. Over time, there was a worsening condition in the relationship between Muslims and Arabs along with the Jewish people in Jerusalem. For instance, riots initiated by the Arabs broke off in 1920 and 1929. Despite these conflicts, the British continued to improve the city by building schools such as the Hebrew University. Suburbs were also constructed in the city’s northern and western portions.
Prior to the end of the British Mandate for the land of Palestine, a Partition Plan by the UN advised the establishment of an international regime in Jerusalem during 1946. According to the Partition Plan, the city should be constituted as a “Corpus separatum”, which was under the UN’s administration. The said international regime included Bethlehem, and it was applied for ten years. Furthermore, there was a referendum that allowed the residents of the nation to decide on the city’s regime in the future.
This plan did not take effect when a war broke off in 1948. As for the British, they decided to withdraw their hold on Palestine. This caused Israel to declare its much-awaited independence. Also, Israel succeeded in conquering a portion of Jerusalem in the West, which was opposed to the intended effect of the Partition Plan. Several other major portions of the Arab territory all made up the Arab State. East Jerusalem and the West Bank were controlled by Jordan.
The war of 1948 resulted in several displaced Jewish and Arabs in the city. At least 1,500 people living in the Jewish Quarter were forced to flee, and several of them became prisoners during the time that the Arab army took over the quarter. Numerous residents of Arab descents in Talbuya, German Colony and Katamon were expelled from their homes. Israel controlled 12 of the 15 residential quarters of Arabs in Jerusalem. This resulted in at least 30,000 residents that ended up as refugees.
Present Political Situation
Although the international community considers East Jerusalem as a portion of the Palestinian territories, not even the East or West Jerusalem was regarded as Palestine’s nor Israel’s territory. The legal status of the old city originated from the UN Partition Plan, which refuses Israel’s control over Jerusalem.
During the years 337 to 361, Constantius II became the emperor of Rome where he can be found on the Bible Timeline Poster. When his father died, he was made the new ruler of the empire, along with his two brothers Constans and Constantine II. By 340, there was a problem that arose between the brothers in the Roman Empire’s western provinces. As a result of this conflict, Constans became the new ruler when Constantine II died. However, he was eventually assassinated after being overthrown by Magnentius, in 350. Constantius was not pleased with having Magnentius as his new co-ruler, so he decided to defeat him at a fight that took place in Mons Seleucus and Mursa Major.
Constantius II was assigned to rule the east, and this was the original intention of his father when the empire was divided between three of his sons. It was also believed that the late Constantine the Great thought of Constantius II as capable of dealing with the threats received by the eastern provinces from the Persians. When the news about the death of Constantine the Great reached King Sapor II, he began his attacks on the Roman Empire. Fortunately, the king agreed to a truce with Constantius II in 350 AD because the former had to deal with several concerns in his own kingdom.
Military Campaigns
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Constantius had several campaigns that involved defeating the Germanic tribes. He was successful and also he was able to defeat the Alamanni, Quadi and Sarmatians. However, the war in the eastern provinces was not as successful.
By 351, Constantius was having difficulties in ruling the empire by himself. Thus, he decided to promote Constantius Gallus as Caesar, yet he was executed after reports against him were gathered that proved his corrupt and violent nature. In 355, Julian, who was Gallus’ half-brother, took his place as the new Caesar.
By the time Constantius became the sole emperor, he received some news from the eastern provinces about the violent behavior of Gallus, his cousin. There were complaints about him being a tyrant. This caused Constantius to send Gallus to a place in Mediolanum. Here, Gallus was tried to court before he was executed.
After dealing with Gallus, Constantius II was preoccupied about the Franks who were advancing over the border. In fact, Silvanus, the Frankish leader, made himself as the new emperor of Colonia Agrippina. Eventually, Silvanus was murdered, although it was not too long before the city was occupied by Germans. Hence, Constantius II appointed Julian as the new Caesar to restore peace and order in the troubled city.
In 357, Constantius II went to Rome before beginning his campaigns in the Danube to cease the Suevi, Quadi and Sarmatians. However, there was another conflict in the east broke off, which involved Sopr II, the king of Persia. Constantius II requested for Julian to send reinforcements, but the he did not obey him. Julian assumed that Constantius II was only jealous of his victories in the western provinces. Julian’s troops believed in him, and instead of following the orders of the emperor they showed loyalty to their leader by making him Augustus.
As a result, Constantius II decided to leave Mesopotamia and head off with his troops to stop the usurper without the help of Julian and his army. However, upon reaching Cilicia in 361, he suffered from sudden fever and died.
Marcus Aurelius Probus served as the emperor of Rome from 276 to 282 AD where he is located on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History. He handled strengthening the Danube and Rhine frontiers, and he won wars against various tribes including the Franks, Vandals, Goths, Longiones and Burgundians. Thus, he was known as one of Rome’s greatest rulers because of his commitment, dedication, excellent leadership and vision in making the Empire a powerful one.
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In 250 AD, Probus joined the army, where Emperor Valerian appointed him as a military tribune. Eventually, he was assigned to govern the East, which was the order by Tacitus. However, when Tacitus died, Probus became the new emperor. During his reign as emperor, Probus travelled to various parts of the empire, particularly the west, where he defeated the Goths. Probus was victorious during his campaigns against the Longiones and Alamanni, which were tribes that entered the Roman territory through the Neckar Valley. As for Probus’ generals, they were able to defeat the Franks, and this allowed the Romans to eliminate Burgundians and Franks in Gaul. This gave Probus the right to obtain new titles during his time as emperor, which were Germanicus Maximus and Gothicus Maximus.
‘As a ruler, one of his goals was to keep his soldiers preoccupied in performing useful and worthwhile tasks. For instance, he assigned them to plant vineyards.’
As a ruler, one of his goals was to keep his soldiers preoccupied in performing useful and worthwhile tasks. For instance, he assigned them to plant vineyards in Pannonia and Gaul, among a few other districts. By doing so, the empire was able to enhance the economy in these areas that were devastated by wars. Also, Probus allowed the Germanic tribes to remain in the empire’s devastated areas.
Another important contribution of Probus was his battle against the Vandals. He fought against this tribe in the years 279 to 280. During these years, his generals were also quite successful in defeating a group of people called Blemmyes in Egypt. Then, he initiated a project that was intended to reconstruct the canals and bridges found along the Nile. This project provided the empire with a greater area where grain can be produced.
During the years 280 to 280, there were three usurpers that threatened the empire, who were Proculus, Bonosus, and Julius Saturninus. Probus was successful in defeating these people, although there were insufficient details regarding the extent of the revolts that they led. Just before Probus could begin his campaigns in the eastern part of the empire, his plans were delayed due to rebellions events at the West.
‘There is more than one story of his death written in History.’
Death
While Probus was away, his Praetorian Prefect named Carus gained support from the soldiers to obtain power. When Probus learned about this, he sent his troops to suppress the rebels, but they decided to side with Carus. Meanwhile, the remaining troops who were with Probus switched sides and killed him in a place near Sirmium in the year 282. When Probus died, Carus became the emperor. There is more than one story of his death written in History, but this one seems to be the most accepted.
The Median Kingdom was made up largely of the Medes and can be located on the Bible Timeline Poster with History during 750 BC. These people were natives of ancient Iran, and they settled in a place called Media, which is now situated in southeastern Turkey and northwestern part of Iran. They first came to the region when the tribes of Iranic Aryans migrated into Ancient Iran. This happened during about 1000 BC and up to 900 BC. Persians and Medes During 10 to 7 BC, the Persians and the Medes were dominated by the Empire of neo-Assyrians. The empire was established in the northern portion of Mesopotamia, yet its reign expanded to Ancient Iran, Arabia, Caucasus, Egypt and Cyprus. There were several kings of Assyrian nationalities who set up the Vassal Treaties, particularly Esarhaddon, Ashur-etil-ilani, Sargon II, Tiglath-Pileser IV, Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal. These treaties also helped protect these rulers from any raids initiated by Cimmerians and Sythians.
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It was during the rule of Sinsharishkun in 622 to 612 BC when the Assyrian Empire began to progress. Ever since 626 BC, there was a civil war going on in the empire large groups of people participated in paying their tribute. These people included Persians, Egyptians, Cimmerians, Arameans, Lydians, Babylonians, Medes and Chaldeans. In 612 BC, there was an alliance that existed among the Persians and Cimmerians, Chaldeans, Scythians, and Babylonians. This alliance helped the Persians and Medes in conquering Nineveh. Eventually, this led to the end of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, a period in history that occurred in 605 BC. Also, the Medes decided to build their own empire known as the Median Kingdom, where the center was located in Ecbatana. Soon after, the territory began to stretch farther to Anatolia’s Halys River. By the time the Assyrian Empire collapsed, another state was established. This time, it was created along with other nations including Egypt, Lydia and Babylonia. In fact, Assyria, and these three nations became the four powerful kingdoms in Near East during that time. By 550 BC, Cyrus the Great conquered the Median Kingdom, and the Persian Achaemenid Empire took its place.
The Zagros Mountains from space
Closer Look on the Medians
The Medians first arrived at the northern Zagros Mountains, which started during 1000 BC. Initially, this region was populated by Gutians. After the arrival of the Medians, Persians and Mannaeans, a state was built, although there were different rulers in each tribe.
Soon, the Medians formed an alliance with the Babylonians with their desire to destroy and conquer Assyria. Afterwards, Assyria was divided between the Babylonians and Medians, and the Medes were more concentrated in gaining power over Eastern Assyria.
At this time, Ecbatana became the capital. It was a period in Median Kingdom where the people were not too keen on constructing large-scale projects. The people were also vaguely interested in the idea of living in cities. There was also a lack of statues that served as the representation of the Median life or the royal family. This was the time when the Persians started joining forces with Median troops.
The uniting of Asshur and Babylon (at the request of the ruler of Babylon) can be found on the Bible Timeline Poster during 850 BC .
Events Leading Up To The Uniting of (Syria) and Babylon
Prior to these events, the land of Syria was divided into two military powers known as the New Kingdom Egypt and the Hittite Empire. The power struggles between the two resulted to the Battle of Kadesh in 1290 BC. This weakened these empires with the result that numerous attacks from invaders soon caused the downfall of these two empires in Syria.
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‘sailors were adept in trade routes, mainly because of their length of experience in traveling the Mediterranean.’
Once the Egyptian and Hittite empires collapsed, this paved the way for a new leadership to arise. The Phoenicians soon came to Syria and introduced their culture to the locals. This group of people lived in coastal city-states where maritime trade was the main source of livelihood. Phoenician merchants and sailors were adept in trade routes, mainly because of their length of experience in traveling the Mediterranean. (It was during this time the Phoenicians spread their alphabet to facilitate communication with the Greeks and other trading partners in the western world.) During this time the Israelites, a tribal society, had been united into a powerful kingdom that was ruled by King David. In 930 BC After his death and the death of his son Solomon, the kingdom was divided into two nations, Israel consisting of ten tribes to the North and Judah to the South.
David (future king) and Goliath
Around 880 BC, the Assyrians conquered most of Mesopotamia. They had a policy of deporting conquered peoples to other lands to prevent nationalistic revolts.
In the meantime a neighboring power, Babylon was having a few problems. Babylon’s leader Marduk-zakir-shumi called upon Shalmaneser and the Assyrians to help him establish his kingship against a challenge by his younger brother, who was defeated by Shalmaneser’s army in 850 BC.
Shalmaneser went on to defeat and take tribute from the Chaldeans and plunder the land of Namri. The next year Shalmaneser led an army of 120,000 against Arzashkun, the capital city of Urartu’s King Aram (r. 858-844 BC) and killed 3,400 troops. The Assyrian power grew rapidly and they eventually turned on their former partner in war and conquered Babylon taking control.
In the middle part of the 8th century, Palestine and Syria soon came into decline because of the control of Assyria. In 722 BC, the kingdom of Israel collapsed as Assyrian power rose. Under Assyria’s policy for keeping control, the people of the kingdom were deported to other areas of this empire. This is the time referred to as The Lost 10 Tribes. The kingdom of Judah was made a vassal state.
However, Assyria eventually came to its downfall in 612 BC. At this time, the situation had reversed and Palestine and Syria were again ruled by Babylonians. In 586 BC, when the kingdom of Judah attempted to rebel against the Babylonians, they lost and experienced massive destruction. A large number of Jews were in exile after the destruction of the kingdom of Judah. This is known as the time of the Babylonian Captivity.
By 539 BC, Syria was ruled by Persians, as with other lands in the Middle East.
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