Kat Cendana – Page 45 – Amazing Bible Timeline with World History

Posted on February 17, 2016March 11, 2016 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Victory of Hyksos

Chaos reigned during Egypt’s Second Intermediate Period. Which was right before the Hyksos took over around 1700 BC where it is listed on the Biblical Timeline. Disunity was rampant after the fall of the Middle Kingdom at the time of Sobekneferu’s death. She was a female Pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom’s 12^th Dynasty, who passed away without an heir. The lack of an heir resulted in problems in succession to the throne and different factions vied to obtain absolute power. A series of ineffectual kings of the 13^th Dynasty ruled some parts of Egypt, except Xois (Khasut or Sakha) which was ruled by 14^th Dynasty rulers and Avaris, which was under the rule of Hyksos. The Hyksos were Semitic-Asiatic people from West Asia related to Canaanites. They settled in Egypt during the 18^th century BC and by 1630 BC, Hyksos kings ruled a greater part of Egypt, forming the 15^th Dynasty.

“An earlier group of Asiatic peoples depicted entering Egypt c. 1900 BC, from the tomb of a 12th Dynasty official Khnumhotep II under pharaoh Senusret II at Beni Hasan.”

Brief Foreign Rule over Egypt

There are two hypotheses regarding how the Hyksos came to rule Egypt. The first is by gradual migration into the Nile River Delta, and as their population increased, they simply took advantage and overpowered the vulnerable and chaotic 13^th and 14^th Dynasties.

The second is through warfare. As mentioned before, the Hyksos were related to Amorites/Canaanites as seen on the Stela of Kamose regarding Apophis (Apepi). It depicts Apophis as the King of Retjenu (ancient Egyptian name for Canaan and Syria). The Amorites were mighty warriors who may have conquered Egypt by force using more modern warfare technologies such as the two-wheeled chariots, composite bows, and better battle axes.

When it came to warfare, the rider of the two-wheeled chariot had the advantage due to its maneuverability. There is evidence that Egyptians had also used chariots by that time. However, the Hyksos seemed more adept at handling them. The combination of the use of chariots and the composite bows (made from wood and horn) may have ensured the success of the Hyksos. The composite bow was smaller yet powerful and more convenient for warriors who are mobile. They also introduced the strengthening of fortresses, and they built their fortified camp in Avaris in the northeastern Nile delta which also served as their capital.

The Hyksos ruled a vast area of Egypt from the Nile Delta to the southern territory of Cusae for more than 100 years, sometimes overlapping with other Egyptian dynasties. They assimilated well within the Egyptian society by worshiping the Egyptian god Seth and adopting the native customs. They were overthrown and driven out of Egypt later on by the Theban pharaohs Kamose and his successor, Ahmose.

References:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9mdrgxad6PIC&gt http://www.britannica.com/topic/Hyksos-Egyptian-dynasty&gt
http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/hyksos.html&gt
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmose-I&gt
Picture By NebMaatRa – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4390535

Posted on February 17, 2016April 5, 2016 by Kat Cendana — 5 Comments

The King of Ethiopia, 700 BC

Taharqa was the King of Ethiopia (also known as the land of Cush or Kush). He reigned during the 7th century BC and is listed on the Biblical Timeline Chart during that time period.

King of Ethiopia 700 bc Taharqa — “His crown as Pharaoh bore two snakes to show that he was the king of both lands.”

“His crown as Pharaoh bore two snakes to show that he was the king of both lands.”

Taharqa was also the Pharaoh of Egypt, and a king of its Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, later to be known as the only Nubian dynasty of that ancient kingdom. His crown as Pharaoh bore two snakes to show that he was the king of both lands.

Taharqa lived during the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah, a time when the Assyrians, under King Sennacherib, attacked Jerusalem.

The Bible says in 2 Kings 19:9 that King Sennacherib received news that “Tirhaka”, the King of Cush, was marching out against him. Both the Bible and nonbiblical records show that the Assyrian army withdrew because of this and Jerusalem was saved from destruction.

It was an important triumph in both Hebrew and world history because Judaism, a fledgling religion during this time, was protected and allowed to evolve by this victory.

He was said to be about twenty years old when he marched out to Jerusalem to fight the Assyrians in 701 BC. However, his reign is traced from 690 – 664 BC. It would seem that he was not yet king when he saved Jerusalem. This difference in the dates may be explained by the suggestion that the “title of king in the Biblical text refers to his future
royal title, when at the time of this account he was likely only a military commander.”

Tirhaka, Tarkakah, also Tarakos, Tearkos, Tharsikes and Tarku are some of the variations of this Ethiopian ruler’s name, whose existence has been confirmed by accounts from other ancient historians such as Herodotus, Manetho, Strabo, and Josephus.

Taharqa was the son of Piye, Nubian King of Napata, who conquered Egypt and established what was to become its TwentyFifth Dynasty. His mother was Abar.

Taharqa was the successor to his brother Shebitku. Under his rule, Egypt
and Kush enjoyed peace and prosperity. The military campaigns of Piye and Shabaka before him led to both lands flourishing under Taharqa’s reign. During this time of wealth, he “restored existing temples, built new ones, and constructed the largest pyramid in the Napatan region. His additions to the Temple at Karnak,
the new temple at Kawa, and the temple at Jebel Barkalwere particularly impressive.

It was also during his reign, that Assyria, under Sennacherib’s son and successor Esarhaddon began invading Egypt in 677 BC.
By the year 671 BC, Esarhaddon had conquered Memphis and captured several members of Taharqa’s family. Taharqa escaped to Nubia but continued to incite rebellion against the Assyrians.

Finally, in 664 BC, he was defeated by Esarhaddon’s
son Ashurbanipal and fled to Thebes where he died and was buried in Nuri, North Sudan. He was then succeeded by Tantamani.

References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taharqa
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=UYcEAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.sacredtexts.com/afr/we/we07.htm
Picture By Français : inconnu – Guillaume Blanchard, July 2004, Fujifilm S6900, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156956

Posted on February 5, 2016May 16, 2016 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Neo-Assyrian Empire

[Assyria: Great Power] (879 BC) –This was the height of their success and is listed on the Biblical Timeline during that time.

After the Bronze Age Collapse in 1185 and 1130 BC, as well as a series of natural calamities, invasions, internal strife, and migration, the old Assyrian empire fell into a relatively short and slight decline along with other civilizations in the Near East and Mediterranean region.

By early 900 BC, Ashur-Dan II had instituted reforms within the government, stabilized boundaries, and boosted the agricultural sector to establish Assyria once again as a regional power. Adad-nirari II rose to power soon after Ashur-Dan II. He revived the ancient empire and the Neo-Assyrian Empire was established. Adad-nirari II continued securing Assyria’s borders during his reign. And then conquered the surrounding kingdoms including Persia, Philistia, Chaldea, Arabia, Egypt, Israel, and Judah among others. The expansion of the empire and Assyria’s rule of various nations continued until the reign of its last king, Ashur-ubalit II. During its height, the Neo-Assyrian empire spanned from Egypt in the west to Persia in the east and from Turkey in the north to Arabia in the south.

The Neo-Assyrian Empire had a reputation for military power and extreme ruthlessness to subduing conquered peoples. The Assyrians’ success lies in their efficient use of infantry, iron weaponry, engineering, and military strategies. For most of Israel’s history, Assyrians were mentioned in the Bible either as allies (as in the case of Ahaz and Tiglath-pileser) or as cruel enemies as mentioned by the majority of the prophets. Most of the kings of Judah and Israel after the death of Solomon lived under the constant fear of the sieges of Assyria. The prophets Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Hosea, Micah, Nahum, Zephaniah, and Zechariah directly mentioned Assyria in their prophecies.

Here is a list of the names and dates of the Old Testament prophets who lived during the Neo-Assyrian period:

Jonah – c. 760 BC
Amos – c. 760-755 BC
Joel – 835-830 BC (?)
Hosea – 715-710 BC
Micah – 740-710 BC
Isaiah – c. 700-680 BC
Nahum – c. 630-620 BC
Zephaniah – c. 630 BC
Habakkuk – c. 606 BC
Jeremiah – c. 585-580 BC

Here is a list of the Neo-Assyrian kings mentioned in the Bible:

Shalmaneser III —858–824 B.C. (2 Kings 17:3)
Tiglath-pileser III—744–727 B.C. (2 Kings 16:7)
Sargon II—721–705 B.C. (2 Kings 18:9)
Sennacherib—704–681 B.C. (2 Kings 18:13, Isaiah 36:1)
Esarhaddon—680–669 B.C. (2 Kings 19:36)

As expected, the Assyrians’ extreme cruelty did not endear them to the conquered people. Constant rebellion plagued the empire and other factors such as a large population due to resettlement, drought, and internal political strife added to the decline of the Neo-Assyrian empire. The final blow came with the sacking and burning of Nineveh in 612 BC by a coalition of Persians, Medes, Babylonians, and Scythians.

References:
http://etc.ancient.eu/2015/05/20/what-caused-the-bronze-age-collapse/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-dan_II
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA249&lpg=PA249&dq=adad+nirari+ii&source=bl&ots=QxoifrDnQu&sig=fgtdzyXSN6fSJpn1GrsJCzewq9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZmtSdmd3KAhWGg6YKHVuMD-oQ6AEIRjAL#v=onepage&q=adad%20nirari%20ii&f=false
http://www.ancient.eu/image/117/
Picture By Ningyou – Own work data fromBased on a map in ‘Atlas of the Bible Lands’, C S Hammond & Co (1959), ISBN 9780843709414., Public Domain

Posted on February 2, 2016March 29, 2016 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Milcah

Milcah – means ‘counsel’ and related to the Hebrew word for ‘queen’ (מלכה – malka) Phonetic Pronunciation: MIHL-kah. She can be found on the Bible Timeline around 1829 BC.

Milcah is related to the Hebrew word for ‘queen’

There are two Milcahs in the Bible. One being the fourth daughter of Zelophehad (Numbers 26:33). The more distinguished is Milcah, the daughter of Haran (Abraham’s oldest brother), wife (and niece) of Nahor, and brother of Lot. As Abraham’s niece, she plays a crucial role in continuing the line of the patriarchs as she is also the grandmother of Rebekah, who will later marry Abraham’s son Isaac, great-grandmother to Jacob and Esau, and one of the matriarchs of the 12 tribes of Israel. She bore eight children to Nahor including Betheul, Rebekah’s father.

Intermarriage between close family members was forbidden in Chaldea where Milcah’s family originated. However, there seems to be an exception between uncles and nieces during that time. The Mosaic Laws were established long after Milcah’s (other patriarchs’ death). These laws mentioned specific prohibitions on and punishments for sexual relations between a number of close relatives in Leviticus 20. Although, the laws do not specifically state and forbid the sexual relations or marriage between uncles and nieces. It has been implied later on that the prohibitions in Leviticus 20 cover this type of relationship as well.

There is little to no information regarding Milcah’s later life and death.

References:
http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Milcah.html#.Vq6pFdJ97Mw
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+11%3A29&version=NIV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law
http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0320.htm#19

Posted on June 18, 2015February 18, 2017 by Kat Cendana — Leave a comment

Wari in Peru

Considered as a civilization in the south-central portion of Andes, the Wari (Huari) in Peru lasted from 500 to 1000 AD and can be located on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History around 700 AD. Wari was the capital city situated on the northeastern part of Ayacucho, in Peru. It was the center of the civilization in modern-day Peru’s coast and highlands. Evidence of this civilization included the Wari Ruins, as well as the remnants of the Northern Wari, which was found in Cerro Baul and Chiclayo. The ruins of Pikillaqta are also other concrete proofs of the civilization’s existence, and these were found on the road going to Lake Titicaca.

During the earlier parts of the Wari culture and civilization, the people decided to expand their territory. In fact, Pachacamac, which was popular as the ancient oracle center, was included in the territory, although it maintained it’s status as autonomous. As for the reasons for the widening of the territory some of the possible factors that contributed to this include military conquest, religion and terrace agriculture, among other techniques.

Administration

According to scholars, the absence of written records in this civilization has led to insufficient details about the government of the Wari. It’s studies prove that the Wari followed a rather intricate social-political hierarchy considering the homogeneous administrative structure followed by the people. The El Castillo de Huarmey (a royal tomb) was discovered on the site of this civilization. Archeological findings were made in 2013 that revealed the Wari’s influences in terms of politics and the society. Burial items were found in the tomb, and these depicted material wealth that revealed how the Wari dominated much of the northern coastal Peru for many years.

Wari_in_Peru — “Location of Huari Culture”

The Wari decided to form administrative centers in several provinces, although these were nothing like the Tiwanaku’s architecture. Neighboring areas were influenced by the Wari as administrative centers were used extensively. The people also improved their road network and incorporated the terraced field technology as they created more fields to boost their agriculture. When the civilization reached its end, the Inca implemented these innovations by the Wari to broaden their empire.

Decline

The Wari civilization started its decline in 800 AD due to long periods of drought. Based on scientists, the city’s population slowly decreased, and it was significantly depopulated during 1000 AD. There were small groups of people that continued to remain in the city as the civilization came to an end. As for the city’s major buildings and important administrative centers, the doors were blocked intentionally which provided scientists a notion as though these people would return soon once it starts to rain again.

Unfortunately, the Wari culture had already ended even before the time came for the people to head back to the city after the drought. Also, the remaining residents of the city stopped all significant constructions. This gave rise to the possible reasons that aside from drought, other factors contributed to the collapse of the civilization such as invasions, violence among rival groups and warfare that continued throughout the city.

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_culture
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png#/media/File:Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130627-peru-archaeology-wari-south-america-human-sacrifice-royal-ancient-world/