Category: Bible Timeline Chart

Considered as a civilization in the south-central portion of Andes, the Wari (Huari) in Peru lasted from 500 to 1000 AD and can be located on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History around 700 AD. Wari was the capital city situated on the northeastern part of Ayacucho, in Peru. It was the center of the civilization in modern-day Peru’s coast and highlands. Evidence of this civilization included the Wari Ruins, as well as the remnants of the Northern Wari, which was found in Cerro Baul and Chiclayo. The ruins of Pikillaqta are also other concrete proofs of the civilization’s existence, and these were found on the road going to Lake Titicaca.

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During the earlier parts of the Wari culture and civilization, the people decided to expand their territory. In fact, Pachacamac, which was popular as the ancient oracle center, was included in the territory, although it maintained it’s status as autonomous. As for the reasons for the widening of the territory some of the possible factors that contributed to this include military conquest, religion and terrace agriculture, among other techniques.

Administration

According to scholars, the absence of written records in this civilization has led to insufficient details about the government of the Wari. It’s studies prove that the Wari followed a rather intricate social-political hierarchy considering the homogeneous administrative structure followed by the people. The El Castillo de Huarmey (a royal tomb) was discovered on the site of this civilization. Archeological findings were made in 2013 that revealed the Wari’s influences in terms of politics and the society. Burial items were found in the tomb, and these depicted material wealth that revealed how the Wari dominated much of the northern coastal Peru for many years.

The Wari decided to form administrative centers in several provinces, although these were nothing like the Tiwanaku’s architecture. Neighboring areas were influenced by the Wari as administrative centers were used extensively. The people also improved their road network and incorporated the terraced field technology as they created more fields to boost their agriculture. When the civilization reached its end, the Inca implemented these innovations by the Wari to broaden their empire.

Decline

The Wari civilization started its decline in 800 AD due to long periods of drought. Based on scientists, the city’s population slowly decreased, and it was significantly depopulated during 1000 AD. There were small groups of people that continued to remain in the city as the civilization came to an end. As for the city’s major buildings and important administrative centers, the doors were blocked intentionally which provided scientists a notion as though these people would return soon once it starts to rain again.

Unfortunately, the Wari culture had already ended even before the time came for the people to head back to the city after the drought. Also, the remaining residents of the city stopped all significant constructions. This gave rise to the possible reasons that aside from drought, other factors contributed to the collapse of the civilization such as invasions, violence among rival groups and warfare that continued throughout the city.

In the Middle Ages, Jerusalem neared its decline until it reached its downfall. Although in the beginning, it was recognized by the Byzantine Empire as a major city, it continued its success under the control of the Muslim in the early centuries. However, it was during the reign of Fatimid Caliphate in the 10th century when the population of Jerusalem decreased in number. There was only half remaining from an estimate of 200,000 during the conquest of Christians in the year 1099.

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Christians massacred a number of the population, although the remaining people recovered rather quickly during the establishment of the kingdom of Jerusalem. However, in 244 AD, the city was back to having less people at about 2,000 when the Khwarezmi Turks took over once again. After this, Jerusalem never again regained having more than 10,000 people up to the 16th century.

In 638, Jerusalem became one of the very first nations conquered by the Caliphate. In historical sources, Umar came to the city to receive the key from Sophronius, who was an Orthodox patriarch of Greek origin. He also invited the Muslims to pray and show their reverence to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. As for Umar, he decided to pray at a distance from this Church, to prevent the temple from being endangered. About 55 years later, a new mosque credited to Umar was constructed to commemorate the place where he prayed.

Umar allowed the Jews to observe their religion and live a free life in Jerusalem after the fall of the holy city. At least 60 years after the dynasty of the Umayyad initiated the building of the Dome of Rock on the Temple Mount of Jerusalem. While there were no details about Jerusalem from the Qu’ran, there were accounts in the hadith that mentioned Muhammad’s ascension to heaven in Jerusalem during his Night Journey. A dome with an octagon figure was ordered to be built in the site where it was believed that Muhammad went up to heaven. Another construction was made in Jerusalem, and it was the Al-Aqsa, which was a mosque that also pays tribute to the “Night Journey” of Muhammad.

The history of Jerusalem continues to the time of the rule of the Ottoman in the land. In 1517, the Ottoman Turks arrived to Jerusalem and conquered it, and they maintained control of the land up to the 20th century. While there were no other controls by the Europeans in the Holy City, the presence of Christianity remained. In fact, there was an increase in the presence of Christians in Jerusalem during the restoration of the Orthodox Churches in the land, under the rule of the Turkish Sultan. Communities were also strengthened during the time of the Ottoman Era.

This era presented the expansion of Jerusalem outside the walls of the Old City. This was intended to address the overcrowding issue which was a significant problem during that time. Neighborhoods were formed, which included the Sha’ananim and the Russian Compound, in 1860.

Constantius I, also referred to as Constantius Chlorus, was the man behind the dynasty called Constantinian. He was Constantine the Great‘s father, and he ruled Rome during the years 293 to 306 where he can be found on the Bible Timeline Chart. When he was a Caesar, he defeated Britain’s Allectus, a usurper. He also had successful campaigns in the Rhine borders, where he was able to defeat the Franks and Alamanni. In 305, he started a punitive campaign that gained tremendous success, it was intended to defeat the Picts. Unfortunately, he died suddenly in 306, which ignited the downfall of the government system Emperor Diocletian formed.

Background

Constantius was a native of Dardania, and his father, Eutropius was of noble background from the Moesia Superior. His mother was Claudia, Quintillus and Claudius II’s niece, which means she was of great nobility, as well.

Constantius was a part of the Protectores Augusti Nostri, a group that was formed during the reign of Emperor Aurelian. Constantius also fought against the Palmyrene Empire, which was located in the East. When Carus was the new ruler, Constantius became the governor of Dalmatia. There were also claims that he decided to support Diocletian just before defeating Carinus during the battle in Margus, during 285.

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By 286, Maximian was noted as the new co-emperor of Rome’s western provinces. On the other hand, Diocletian ruled the provinces in the east. This was the start of the future separation that existed in the Roman Empire. In 288, Constantius’ rule as governor ended, and he became the western province’s Praetorian Prefect.

During 287 to 288, Constantius took part in the war that aimed to defeat the Alamanni. Attacks against this group of people were carried out across the Danube and Rhine rivers with the goals of gaining a victory from their opponents. He also decided to marry Theodora, the daughter of Maximian after divorcing Helena. This action was intended to increase the ties that existed between the military servant and the emperor.

Diocletian was responsible for the division of the Roman Empire’s administration in 293, which comprised of the West and East. Each of these parts of the empire was headed by one Augustus and assisted by one Caesar. At the time of the death of the Augustus, the Caesars are given the right to take his place and become the new ruler.

The Battle of Lingones during 298 happened between the Alamanni and the Roman Empire. Constantius took part in this battle and eventually defeated his opponents after remaining in the city and being rescued by his own army. He was victorious in another battle at an area in Vindonissa. This made the Rhine frontier’s defenses much stronger.

By 300, Constantius had a battle on the Rhine area, which was against the Franks. He decided to have the Franks remain in Gaul’s deserted lands. For three more years, he was much preoccupied with strengthening the Rhine frontier. In addition, he was confronted with Diocletian’s imperial edicts, which pertained to the persecutions of the Christian people. This campaign was mainly promoted by Galerius after knowing Constantius’ pleasant relationship with the Christians in Rome.

Jerusalem was only regarded as significant in the region after King David conquered it. He can be found on the Bible Timeline Chart around the 1050 BC. Jerusalem was noted as the Promised Land, which was assigned to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. In fact, Benjamin‘s tribe gained a part of Jerusalem that was not under the control of the Israelites. When Jerusalem was conquered by King David, it served as a significant center of politics and religion.

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According to scholars, several people settled in Jerusalem during early times, as depicted in the Bible, historical sources and archaeological evidence. For instance, the story of the Canaanite kings and Abraham proved the early settlement of people in Jerusalem, as narrated in the Book of Genesis. Various historical accounts also presented facts that there had commercial and political ties existed between Jerusalem and other nations. During early Canaanite era, it was recorded that Jerusalem was among the various city-states in the region. The primary source of information about the history of Jerusalem was the Bible. Accounts about the holy city were made from 10 to 6 BC. There were also other written accounts about the historical development of Jerusalem, which started in Israel and Judah.

In the Bible, Jerusalem was mentioned in the Old Testament 660 times, 146 in the New Testament and other names that served as synonyms to Jerusalem were found in various references.

As early as 4000 BC, the Chalcolithic Period established Jerusalem as a Canaanite city. It occupied the southeastern hill that was often referred to as the “City of King David”. There were several steep slopes found on the sides of the hill, and these served as strong defenses for the city. At the base of the hill, there was a rich supply of water for Jerusalem.

In the Old, Testament Jerusalem was first mentioned in Joshua, although there was a reference to the holy city in Genesis. The city was referred to as Melchizedek, who was then the King of Salem. Poetic mentions can be found in Psalms where Salem was believed to be Zion. Shalem, which was a Canaanite city, was noted as the city of Shalom or “peace” in the Bible. Isaiah also spoke of Shalom, or the “Prince of Peace”, who was believed to rule the throne of David, in Jerusalem.

When the Israelites occupied Canaan, the city of Jerusalem was referred to as Jebus. It was intended to be the shortened term for being the Jebusites‘ city. There accounts in 1 Chronicles, Judges and Joshua that Jerusalem’s other name was Jebus. As for the Romans, they gave a different name to it, which was Aelia Capitolina. However, the older name of the city remained.

In the Second Book of Samuel, it was mentioned that David conquered Jebus. He also had a palace constructed in Jerusalem, which transformed it into a regal city. Jerusalem was then elevated to a capital status although known to be somewhat poorly situated in terms of military or trade activities. David also considered Jerusalem as his property since it was a neutral city not belonging to the tribes in the south or north.

Asoka, the King of Magadha, ruled around 200 BC and were listed on the Bible Timeline Chart during that period. Magadha is a kingdom that is made up of several districts including Nalanda, Nawadah, Gaya, Patna and some areas of Bengal. Some boundaries make up this kingdom such as the River Ganges, River Champa, Vindhya mountains and River Sone. Anga was also a part of its boundary during the time of the Buddha.

The kingdom was the center of religion and culture. During 500 BC, it witnessed urbanization, and Buddhism began to flourish. The culture of Magadha is evident in Jainism and Buddhism, and these religions involved some of the features of the kingdom’s rich culture, particularly the belief in karmic retribution and reincarnation. The belief in obtaining liberation through having a deeper knowledge of oneself was practiced in Greater Magadha’s culture, specifically in the earlier dates in history.

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About Asoka, the Emperor

Emperor Asoka ruled an empire that stretched throughout the subcontinent of India, including modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The empire covered a large area, as well as the states of Assam, Andhra, and Kerala. Asoka was considered as one of India’s most powerful emperors, and he was able to facilitate a smooth and successful rule over the land. In Sanskrit, his name can be translated as “without any sorrow”. Hence, in everything he engaged in, he was able to excel well. Asoka was Chandragupta Maurya‘s grandson, who was the kingdom’s famous and respected ruler. His parents were Dharma and Bindusara, the Mauryan emperor. During his childhood, Asoka showed great skill in the academics, Holy Scriptures, and warfare. The bright child was well-loved and look up to by several people in the kingdom because of his unique gifts and intelligence. At the time of his father’s death, his older brother named Suman took his place as king. However, most of the ministers realized that Asoka was more capable of ruling. Thus, they helped him gain control of the kingdom, which he finally received after a war that lasted for three years. In 273 BC, Asoka was crowned as Magadha’s king.

Asoka the King of Magadha

As a ruler of the land, he was able to ensure a smooth administration over his territories. He was a brave and responsible king who genuinely undertook all of his duties. Asoka served the land for eight years, and he eventually decided to conquer Kalinga. To achieve this goal, he led a powerful army, and this resulted in a harsh battle with Kalinga’s army. The war between two armies occurred on the hills of Dhauli.

Asoka and his army won the battle, but the effects of the war caused him to feel shame and disgust. After this painful experience, Asoka pledged never to take part in any battles again. The image of corpses and children crying because of their parents’ death remained in his mind. The negative feeling that the war brought lingered in his heart, and this caused him to turn to Buddhism for solace.

The king was inspired and overwhelmed by the Buddhist monks’ teachings, and this fueled his desire to spread the philosophies of Buddhism throughout the world. He was the first emperor who developed Buddhist policies in his kingdom.

Tacitus was one of Rome‘s historians and senators; he is located on the Bible Timeline Chart with History starting around 275 AD. Tacitus was known for his significant works called the Histories and the Annals. These works by Tacitus were written to provide information about the reigns of some of Rome’s emperors including Nero, Claudius, Tiberius, as well as other rulers who led the empire in 69 AD. His works presented the Roman Empire’s rich history beginning with Augustus‘ death in 14 AD up to 70 AD where the Jewish-Roman war was held. Tacitus also wrote about other subjects including the life of Agricola, who was his father-in-law, Roman general and was a primary figure in conquering Britain. Indeed, Tacitus was noted as one of the greatest historians in the world. His Latin was noted for its compactness, accuracy and brevity. He also had impressive concepts of the psychology behind politics.

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 Background

There were some assumptions that his father was Cornelius Tacitus, a man who was a procurator of Germania and Belgica. Moreover, there were some uncertainties as to his birthplace, although some scholars claim that he might have been born in northern Italy, Gallia Belgica or Gallia Narbonensis. An assumption that he was from Gallia Narbonensis was due to the fact that he was married to Gnaeus Julius Agricola’s daughter, who was a Narbonensian. As for the theory that Tacitus came from northern Italy, another story leads to that claim by some historians. According to studies, Tacitus showed dedication to a man named Fabius Lustus, which may show possible connections with Spain. Tacitus was said to have been friends with Pliny, who lived in northern Italy. However, there was no valid evidence supporting claims that Pliny and Tacitus came from a similar background. Other scholars suggest that Tacitus may be a Celt. This was brought about by his oratories that showed a sense of sympathy to the barbarians who, at that time, resisted the rule of Romans. In historical accounts, the Celts that were occupying Gaul before the Romans came were regarded for their oratory and skill.

Career

Tacitus was well-trained in politics and law, and he was assumed to have studied under the guidance of Quintilian. As for his family life, he was married to Julia Agricola, although there were minimal accounts about his domestic life.

He gained the latus clavus or title of senator while under Vespasian. However, it was not until the year 81 or 82 that Tacitus formally began his political life where he served as a quaestor (public official). Soon, he became a praetor (commander or elect magistrate) and a quindecimvir (one of the fifteen members in a college with ‘priestly duties’), where he was a member of a group that was in charge of secular games and Sibylline Books. Afterwards, he became an orator and lawyer famous for his public speaking skills, which was ironic considering his name means “silent”.

From 89 to 93 AD, Tacitus served in several provinces, and he was either in a civilian post or a commander of a legium. He had excellent military skills, and this enabled him to save him and his property during the reign of terror under the rule of Domitian in 81 to 96 AD.

In Ancient Greece, Jonathan of Maccabees was regarded as the head of the Hasmonean Dynasty in the land of Judea. He ruled from the years 161 to 143 BC where he can be found on the Bible Timeline Chart with History. His name means “diplomat” this primarily alluded to his main trait as described in Maccabees. He was the youngest son of Mattathias, and his father served as the primary figure during the rebellion against the head of the Seleucid Empire Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Unfortunately, Mattathias died at the onset of the rebellion of the Maccabees, in 167 BC. Jonathan, along with his brothers Judas Maccabeus, Simon Thassi, Eleazar Avaran, and Johanan, remained true to their intention to continue the fight that their father was not able to finish. Eventually, Judas was appointed as the de facto leader, and he became the rebellion’s military chief. Meanwhile, Jonathan performed tasks under the leadership of his brother. He became quite active in the battles that were fought against the Seleucid army.

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The brave Jonathan was exposed to some challenges during the different battles he engaged in. On the other hand, Judas suffered a serious casualty at the Elasa Battle from 161 to 160 BC. Bacchides was the triumphant one after the battle, and he was a Seleucid general who followed the orders of Demetrius I Soter. He successfully crushed the Maccabeans at the same time that famine spread throughout the land. Soon, Jonathan became the new leader of the rebels. As he performed his duty, he discovered that Bacchides had a goal of entrapping him. He decided to head off to a desert region, along with Simeon and his other followers. They went to a place near the eastern part of the Jordan River, and set up their camp at Asphar.  However, Bacchides went on to follow them, and his army overtook Jonathan and the Jewish rebels during Sabbath.

Jonathan chose to hand all the baggage to John, his brother, who decided to head off to the Nabateans with his small army. Their intention was to place the baggage in a secure manner, but a hostile tribe in the land ambushed them. The baggage was taken, and John with his army was killed.

As for Jonathan with his companions, they decided to proceed to a battle against Bacchides and his army. At one point, Jonathan had an opportunity to kill Bacchides. However, Bacchides managed to escape, and the Jews were defeated. Then, they decided to flee and proceed to the Jordan. In this battle, a thousand of Bacchides’ men were killed. Jonathan improved his skill in warfare, and he was able to hold his guard to flee from any direct confrontations with various enemy forces.

While in Japan, the Emperor or Mikado has long been considered as a symbol of power. During the early parts of 7th-century Emperors were noted as the “son of heaven” or Tenshi-sama. This can be linked to the Bible Timeline Chart with History around 704 BC.

History of Japan’s Emperor

Emperor Jimmu is known as Japan’s earliest emperor, and this was recorded in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki. He was referred to as Ninigi’s descendant, and was believed to have come from heaven. In the records from Nihon Shoki, Emperors have long maintained a male lineage that has continued over 2600 years back in history. The imperial line’s origin is traced largely by studying the kofun, or the ancient tombs of emperors in Japan. Unfortunately, there was a policy by the Imperial Household Agency during the Meiji Period, which prevented archeologists from opening the kofun. The reason for such is the belief that the spirits of these ancient emperors might be disturbed. However, by 2006, the Agency began allowing researchers to conduct their study by entering some kofuns freely for the purpose of learning more about the history of these emperors.

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According to researchers, there were 6 families of the non-imperial class who gained control over the emperors of Japan. These families included the Soga, Fujiwara, Minamoto, Taira, Tokugawa and the Ashikaga. However, shoguns coming from Tokugawa, Ashikaga, and Minamoto families were required to be recognized officially by emperors, which means these royalties were still regarded as the nation’s source of sovereignty. Nevertheless, emperors had limited powers at this point. During the 10th century, there was an increase in the expansion of samurai class, which eventually weakened the control of the imperial family. Emperors soon got into problems with the existing shogun at certain points in history. There was a power struggle between Japan’s military governments and the Imperial House. In ancient times, the territory of Japan failed to recognize remote regions as its part. However, a centralized form of government was established during the reign of Prince Shotoku. By this time, the emperor was a well-respected embodiment of heaven and harmony instead of serving as the leader of a governing administration in the country.

More Details about the Emperor of Japan

Japan has no empire. In fact, the boundaries of this country only existed in its four islands such as the Hokkaido, Okinawa, Honshu, and Kyushu. In 1875, Japan gained an empire, and it was during the conquer of the Ryu Kyu Islands. However, although Japan is noted to have an emperor, it was not aptly an empire.

The term “emperor” was also not an excellent description of the Japanese monarch’s constitutional and historical role. In fact, the Emperors of Japan rarely commanded any armies or had full political power. Instead, what emperors did was to perform the different sacerdotal functions, and they also became a valid source of legitimacy for the actual rulers of the country.

The China Shang Dynasty also referred to as the Yin Dynasty, began in the 2nd millennium BC  (where it is listed on the Bible Timeline Chart) and ruled in China’s Yellow River. Accounts of this dynasty were discovered from various texts including the Records of the Grand Historian and Classic of History. Research and archaeological explorations at the Yin’s ruins, which was Shang’s last capital, found 11 royal tombs and the foundations of ritual sites and palaces. Also, some weapons of war were discovered, as well as remains of human and animal sacrifices made during that era. There was also a vast amount of artifacts made of jade, bronze, ceramic and stone that were uncovered. The intricate craftsmanship of the Bronze artifacts reveals the high level of civilization in this dynasty.

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Archaeological studies made at the Anyang or Yin site showed evidence of early Chinese writing, and oracle bones such as ox scapulae and turtle shells were used to inscribe various texts. Several inscriptions that were discovered gave valuable insight into different topics during China’s early phase of civilization. These topics related to the dynasty’s religion, economy and politics. According to Chinese classics such as the Mencius and Book of Documents, there were several events that pertained to the dynasty. Sima Qian, a great historian of the Han dynasty, provided a chronological account of the events that transpired during the Shang dynasty, as included in the Records of the Grand Historian. There were several events described and narrated in detail, although, in some accounts, only the king’s name was presented. Sima Qian used “Yin” as the name for the dynasty. In fact, this name was quite popular as a term provided for the Shang, and it is also used to describe the last portion of this dynasty. In the Annals of Yin by Sima Qian, the dynasty’s founder was presented, which was Xie or Qi. In the text, he was conceived miraculously by Jiandi, who was Emperor Ku’s wife. It happened a black bird dropped an egg, which was caught and swallowed by Jiandi.

In Qian’s accounts, the dynasty was only founded about 13 generations later after Tang, who was the descendant of Xie, successfully defeated Xia’s last and great ruler in the Mingtiao Battle. Moreover, the records stated that the capital of Shang was moved 5 times. The last move to Yin was made during the rule of Pan Geng, who also established the dynasty’s golden age.

Di Xin, who was the dynasty’s last ruler, was believed to have committed suicide after his army’s defeat. The army lost after his slaves betrayed him during the final battle between the Shang and the Zhou.

Upon the defeat of the Shang, Wu Geng, the son of Di Xin, was given a chance to rule the Shang, although it was only intended as a vassal kingdom. When Zhou Wu died, the Shang decided to fight against Zhou’s great Duke. However, Shang lost, and Zhou remained in control of the dynasty’s territory.