Category: Alphabetical Index to Bible Timeline

In Ancient Greece, Jonathan of Maccabees was regarded as the head of the Hasmonean Dynasty in the land of Judea. He ruled from the years 161 to 143 BC where he can be found on the Bible Timeline Chart with History. His name means “diplomat” this primarily alluded to his main trait as described in Maccabees. He was the youngest son of Mattathias, and his father served as the primary figure during the rebellion against the head of the Seleucid Empire Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Unfortunately, Mattathias died at the onset of the rebellion of the Maccabees, in 167 BC. Jonathan, along with his brothers Judas Maccabeus, Simon Thassi, Eleazar Avaran, and Johanan, remained true to their intention to continue the fight that their father was not able to finish. Eventually, Judas was appointed as the de facto leader, and he became the rebellion’s military chief. Meanwhile, Jonathan performed tasks under the leadership of his brother. He became quite active in the battles that were fought against the Seleucid army.

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The brave Jonathan was exposed to some challenges during the different battles he engaged in. On the other hand, Judas suffered a serious casualty at the Elasa Battle from 161 to 160 BC. Bacchides was the triumphant one after the battle, and he was a Seleucid general who followed the orders of Demetrius I Soter. He successfully crushed the Maccabeans at the same time that famine spread throughout the land. Soon, Jonathan became the new leader of the rebels. As he performed his duty, he discovered that Bacchides had a goal of entrapping him. He decided to head off to a desert region, along with Simeon and his other followers. They went to a place near the eastern part of the Jordan River, and set up their camp at Asphar.  However, Bacchides went on to follow them, and his army overtook Jonathan and the Jewish rebels during Sabbath.

Jonathan chose to hand all the baggage to John, his brother, who decided to head off to the Nabateans with his small army. Their intention was to place the baggage in a secure manner, but a hostile tribe in the land ambushed them. The baggage was taken, and John with his army was killed.

As for Jonathan with his companions, they decided to proceed to a battle against Bacchides and his army. At one point, Jonathan had an opportunity to kill Bacchides. However, Bacchides managed to escape, and the Jews were defeated. Then, they decided to flee and proceed to the Jordan. In this battle, a thousand of Bacchides’ men were killed. Jonathan improved his skill in warfare, and he was able to hold his guard to flee from any direct confrontations with various enemy forces.

While in Japan, the Emperor or Mikado has long been considered as a symbol of power. During the early parts of 7th-century Emperors were noted as the “son of heaven” or Tenshi-sama. This can be linked to the Bible Timeline Chart with History around 704 BC.

History of Japan’s Emperor

Emperor Jimmu is known as Japan’s earliest emperor, and this was recorded in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki. He was referred to as Ninigi’s descendant, and was believed to have come from heaven. In the records from Nihon Shoki, Emperors have long maintained a male lineage that has continued over 2600 years back in history. The imperial line’s origin is traced largely by studying the kofun, or the ancient tombs of emperors in Japan. Unfortunately, there was a policy by the Imperial Household Agency during the Meiji Period, which prevented archeologists from opening the kofun. The reason for such is the belief that the spirits of these ancient emperors might be disturbed. However, by 2006, the Agency began allowing researchers to conduct their study by entering some kofuns freely for the purpose of learning more about the history of these emperors.

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According to researchers, there were 6 families of the non-imperial class who gained control over the emperors of Japan. These families included the Soga, Fujiwara, Minamoto, Taira, Tokugawa and the Ashikaga. However, shoguns coming from Tokugawa, Ashikaga, and Minamoto families were required to be recognized officially by emperors, which means these royalties were still regarded as the nation’s source of sovereignty. Nevertheless, emperors had limited powers at this point. During the 10th century, there was an increase in the expansion of samurai class, which eventually weakened the control of the imperial family. Emperors soon got into problems with the existing shogun at certain points in history. There was a power struggle between Japan’s military governments and the Imperial House. In ancient times, the territory of Japan failed to recognize remote regions as its part. However, a centralized form of government was established during the reign of Prince Shotoku. By this time, the emperor was a well-respected embodiment of heaven and harmony instead of serving as the leader of a governing administration in the country.

More Details about the Emperor of Japan

Japan has no empire. In fact, the boundaries of this country only existed in its four islands such as the Hokkaido, Okinawa, Honshu, and Kyushu. In 1875, Japan gained an empire, and it was during the conquer of the Ryu Kyu Islands. However, although Japan is noted to have an emperor, it was not aptly an empire.

The term “emperor” was also not an excellent description of the Japanese monarch’s constitutional and historical role. In fact, the Emperors of Japan rarely commanded any armies or had full political power. Instead, what emperors did was to perform the different sacerdotal functions, and they also became a valid source of legitimacy for the actual rulers of the country.

The China Shang Dynasty also referred to as the Yin Dynasty, began in the 2nd millennium BC  (where it is listed on the Bible Timeline Chart) and ruled in China’s Yellow River. Accounts of this dynasty were discovered from various texts including the Records of the Grand Historian and Classic of History. Research and archaeological explorations at the Yin’s ruins, which was Shang’s last capital, found 11 royal tombs and the foundations of ritual sites and palaces. Also, some weapons of war were discovered, as well as remains of human and animal sacrifices made during that era. There was also a vast amount of artifacts made of jade, bronze, ceramic and stone that were uncovered. The intricate craftsmanship of the Bronze artifacts reveals the high level of civilization in this dynasty.

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Archaeological studies made at the Anyang or Yin site showed evidence of early Chinese writing, and oracle bones such as ox scapulae and turtle shells were used to inscribe various texts. Several inscriptions that were discovered gave valuable insight into different topics during China’s early phase of civilization. These topics related to the dynasty’s religion, economy and politics. According to Chinese classics such as the Mencius and Book of Documents, there were several events that pertained to the dynasty. Sima Qian, a great historian of the Han dynasty, provided a chronological account of the events that transpired during the Shang dynasty, as included in the Records of the Grand Historian. There were several events described and narrated in detail, although, in some accounts, only the king’s name was presented. Sima Qian used “Yin” as the name for the dynasty. In fact, this name was quite popular as a term provided for the Shang, and it is also used to describe the last portion of this dynasty. In the Annals of Yin by Sima Qian, the dynasty’s founder was presented, which was Xie or Qi. In the text, he was conceived miraculously by Jiandi, who was Emperor Ku’s wife. It happened a black bird dropped an egg, which was caught and swallowed by Jiandi.

In Qian’s accounts, the dynasty was only founded about 13 generations later after Tang, who was the descendant of Xie, successfully defeated Xia’s last and great ruler in the Mingtiao Battle. Moreover, the records stated that the capital of Shang was moved 5 times. The last move to Yin was made during the rule of Pan Geng, who also established the dynasty’s golden age.

Di Xin, who was the dynasty’s last ruler, was believed to have committed suicide after his army’s defeat. The army lost after his slaves betrayed him during the final battle between the Shang and the Zhou.

Upon the defeat of the Shang, Wu Geng, the son of Di Xin, was given a chance to rule the Shang, although it was only intended as a vassal kingdom. When Zhou Wu died, the Shang decided to fight against Zhou’s great Duke. However, Shang lost, and Zhou remained in control of the dynasty’s territory.

The first record of the Persians comes from an Assyrian inscription from c. 844 BC that calls them the Parsu (Parsuash, Parsumash)  During this time and for the next couple of centuries Persia paid tribute to the Assyrians.

In Mesopotamia, the rise of Assyrian power began in 900 BC where it can be found on the Bible Timeline Chart, and it lasted until about 609 BC. It is during the time of this powerful empire that the Assyrians gained a high position among various other countries in the world including Armenia, Egypt and Babylonia. Thus, the Neo-Assyrian power held dominance in North Africa, East Mediterranean, Asia Minor and Caucasus. However, it was in 8th century BC when Tiglath Pileser made reforms that Assyria was able to strengthen its power.

The rise of Assyrian power came to be after the Middle Assyrian Empire and the Middle Assyrian Period, which were during 10th century BC and 14th century BC, respectively. Several scholars considered this empire as one of the earliest in history because of extensive improvements and advancements that were introduced during this time. Moreover, the empire had two different official languages at that point, which were the Aramaic and Akkadian.

In 1076 BC, Tiglath-Pileser died. This resulted in a decline of Assyria for the following 150 years. Hence, Near East, Mediterranean, Balkan regions, North Africa and Caucasus entered a dark phase. The people involved in mass movements and upheavals that further brought the empire down. Amid all these negative events, Assyria still managed to maintain its solid stature thanks to it’s tough warriors, which were considered as among the world’s finest. Although there were difficulties, Assyria still kept its good position among other rivals such as Babylonia, Persia, Urartu, Media, Egypt, Phrygia, Elam and Babylonia.

By 911 BC, Assyria’s period of melancholy and isolation came to an end when a new king was crowned. The king was named Adad-nirari II. His main goal was to strengthen and improve the areas under Assyrian control. In addition, the Hurrian and Aramean forces were conquered and eventually deported to various other places in the world.

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The great Adadinirari II attacked and created many parts of the empire, and he also defeated Babylonia’s Shamash-mudammiq. Hence, this allowed him to annex a huge portion of the land, and he also had further success during the period of Nabu-shuma-ukin’s reign. The next great ruler of Assyria was Tukulti-Ninurta II, which was in 891 BC. He was also responsible for consolidating the position of Assyria while expanding territories up the Zargos Mountains and Asia Minor.

In 883 to 859 BC, the next king was known as Ashurnasirpal II, who was famous for being part of various expansion programs in Assyria. Initially, he conquered those who are dwelling in the North until Nairi; which is found just near the Lake Van. Afterwards, Neo Hittites and Arameans were conquered, and the harsh rule of the king ended up in a revolt that lasted for two days. Ashurnasirpal II and his army won, and this enabled him to advance other places such as Asia Minor, Aram and Mediterranean to strengthen his reign.

The said Assyrian ruler also had some campaigns in modern-day Iraq’s Zagros Mountains. This helped him stop a revolt that was anti-Assyrians, which were led by the Gutians ad Lullubi. The king soon moved the location of Assyria to Kalhu, and it was here where various temples, palaces and other significant structures were built.