Category: Biblical Timeline

The Battle of Adrianople (otherwise referred to as the Battle of Hadrianopolis)occurred in 378 AD where it is recorded on the Biblical Timeline With World History. It was the battle between the Gothic rebels and the Roman army. This gruesome battle took place in the northern part of Adrianople, which is in modern-day European Turkey. The battle was a victorious one for the Goths, and Emperor Valens of the Roman army died.

Based on historians, this battle signalled the start of the fall of the Roman Empire in the West. It was also noted as a part of the Gothic War that was fought between 376 to 382 AD. The Battle of Adrianople included an army coming from the eastern portion of the Roman Empire, and it outlasted the empire’s west by about 1000 years.

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Background of the Battlefield

After the defeat of the Goths in 376 AD, they were allowed to enter and remain in the Roman Empire. At that time, Emperor Valens was the ruler of the empire, and he hoped the Goths, under the leadership of Fritigern and Alavivus, would become soldiers and farmers. Hence, Valens gave the Goths a chance to become the Empire’s allies or a ‘foederati’.

Unfortunately, Maximus and Lupinicus, provincial commanders of the Roman Empire, convinced the Goths to revolt against Valens. This occurred once the newcomers crossed the Danube. As a result, Valens asked Gratian, his nephew and Emperor from the West for help to fight these rebel Goths. So he gave Valens reinforcements, including Richomeres the head of Gratian’s guards. For two years, there were battles that had started even before the Battle of Adrianople. In 378, Emperor Valens decided to leave Antioch and headed towards Constantinople. He ordered his general Sebastianus to reorganize the army of the Roman Empire that was situated in Thrace. With 2000 soldiers, Sebastianus went to Adrianople and ambushed a small group of Goths. Meanwhile, Fritigern formed the Gothic army at Beroe and Nicropolis, so they can fight the Romans. On August 8, 378 AD, Fritigern wanted to propose peace and to form an alliance in exchange for some territories of the Roman Empire. Valens did not agree with his proposals, although he was unaware that there was a group of Goths foraging further away, which meant he did not have any numerical superiority against their opponents.

The next day, Valens left his administration and imperial treasury at Adrianople under the care of his guard of legions. He received a warning that the Gothic camp was located in the northern part of the city. Hence, he arrived at the said location after bearing the difficulty of marching over the rough terrain for 7 hours.

When the Roman troops came at the site where the Goth had built their camp, they were left exhausted and in disorder. The Goths held the stronger position throughout the battle and this led to the defeat of the Romans. The Emperor was believed to have died during this battle, although there was still some uncertainty as to the cause of his death.

The Chilam Balam, a book by Jaguar priests in the Yucatan, speaks of the coming of a white bearded man who is believed to bear the sign of the Almighty God. This is marked on the Biblical Timeline with History during 300 AD. Based on the books, Quetzalcoatl is bound to return someday. The writings of the Native Americans refer to the Quetzalcoatl God-man and the historic Quetzalcoatl, with the latter performing a duty as a Toltec ruler who gave messages of peace to mankind. This man eventually suffered at the hands of the religious high priests, who made plots against him that cost him his life. In addition, there was God Quetzalcoatl, who was present during the creation of the world. In fact, he was also one of the four directional Gods, associated with the wind, rain, and four cardinal directions. Moreover, he was known as the “White God of the West”, just like his father. He is known as the God of civilization, and was the one who gave the world the arts, calendar, science, and corn.

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Reportedly the native Americans believed that Hernan Cortes, an invader, was indeed the Quetzalcoatl, who came back to the world. There are insufficient proofs that this belief has a factual basis, yet Cortes claimed it as true. The MesoAmericans were not bearded people, and Cortes appeared to have some resemblance to the white bearded man. Some scholars suggest that the missionaries made up this story, and that the prophecies of the pre-conquest Chilam Balam were generated during the time that the Spanish people colonized the Caribbean. Some scholars also believe that there was an alteration with the dates in which the Chilam Balam books were written. They suggest that these changes were made by the Spanish with the hopes of making the people believe that Cortes was indeed the white-bearded man who was anticipated to return one day.

Michael John Wells Finley wrote a text pointing out that the references in the Katun 13 Ahau with the Cabal-chen coincide with the time the Spanish came to the Yucatan. On the other hand, there were records that the coming of the Kulkulcanis was associated with Katun 4 Ahau. There is a possibility that the authors replaced Kulkulcan with the Christian God, as well as other relevant facts about the Katun.

Also the Hopi’s also believed that a lost white brother will return in the future when the world ends. The tribe anticipates the return of Pahana or the lost white brother, just like the Aztecs expected the coming of Quetzalcoatl, which is similar to the belief of the Mayans that Kukulcan or the white bearded god will come once again.

Francisco Pizarro

Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who traveled to South America to take control of the Incas to gain their riches and gold. It is recorded that the Incas treated him like the God ‘Viracochas’ due to his white skin, armor, and their guns that emitted loud thunderings and sparks that looked like lightning. The damage that followed was also very intimidating.

Pisistratus had several sons, and one of them was Hippias of Athens. He was a tyrant ruler that can be found on the Biblical Timeline with History starting around 500 BC. In 527 BC, Hippias took the place of Peisistratus, his father. While Hipparchus, his brother, was intended to rule alongside him, there was an unfortunate event that prevented this joint rule of the two brothers. Aristogeiton and Harmodius succeeded in killing Hipparchus, in 514 BC. Because of this brutal event, Hippias turned out to be a cruel, harsh and bitter ruler of his kingdom. He also decided to have the Tyrannicides executed to avenge his brother’s death.

Plots to Overthrow Hippias

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In 546 BC, Peisistratus was able to banish the Alcmaeonidae family. This renowned and wealthy family succeeded in having a new temple constructed at Delphi. Moreover, they decided to bribe the priestess in Delphi to overthrow Hippias, which was to be executed by the Spartans. As a result, Anchimolius led the Spartan army to undertake this command by the Alcmaeonidae family.

To protect himself from this battle, Hippias and his family joined forces with Cineas of Thessaly. Alcmaeonidae and the Spartans lost; however, another battle was held and this time Cleomenes I led the Spartans. Under his leadership, the Spartans were able to penetrate into Athens. Hippias was trapped as planned on the Acropolis.

In addition to having Hippias as a hostage, Pisistratus’ children suffered the same fate. In 510 BC, Hippias left Athens by force to ensure his family’s safety and security. This also signalled the end of his reign. He then he opted to wed Archedike (his daughter) to Aiantides, the royal son of Lampsakos’ tyrant named Hippoklos. This was a wise move by Hippias as it would allow him to enter the court of Darius located at Susa.

The Spartans assumed that by attaining the democracy of Athens, this would later be a threat to the power they now possessed. This thought was also a result of the past when Hippias turned out to be a cruel leader of Athens.

In the meantime, Hippias headed toward Persia, where there were threats given to the Persians in case they failed to allow Hippias to enter their nation. Despite this threat, the people of Athens were resolute to maintaining their democracy while setting aside the possible attacks by the Persians.

Hippias as a Ruler

Hippias was known to be more proficient in handling politics; on the other hand, his brother, Hipparchus, was regarded for his ability in managing religious matters. Known as one of Athens’ tyrant rulers, Hippias was believed to be a patron of craftsmen and poets. It was under his reign that Athens claimed its progress. However, it was during the assassination of Hipparchus that Hippias changed and became more repressive.

During a revolt by the Spartans, Hippias was forced to leave the land. He settled in Persia and found support from the governor of Persia located at Sardis.  Eventually, on his way back home, the tyrant failed to reach his destination while he was still at Lemnos where he died.

The history of the China Zhou dynasty, based on Chinese mythology, started when Qi was conceived by Emperor Ku’s consort.  In the texts, Qi was referred to as a type of cultural hero, and he was said to have survived three periods of abandonment by his birth mother. He was noted for having introduced much improvements to the Xia agriculture. As a result, he was given the name “Lord of Millet”.

China advanced in several ways after the start of these events peaking around 1000 BC where it can be found on the Biblical Timeline with world history.

In Western Zhou, the old capital of the dynasty remained with King Wu, which was used for ceremonial purposes. When he died, the Duke of Zhou became his heir, and he developed the fengjian system in maintaining the Zhou authority throughout the broad territory.

Eventually, the decentralized system of the Western Zhou dynasty was strained due to the thinning of the regional dynasties and Zhou kings. Soon, the capital was transferred to Changzhou in the east, and this marked the start of the Eastern Zhou dynasty.

The rise of the influence of Eastern Zhou is linked with the collapse of the royal authorities. It is also worth noting that the Eastern Zhou was the time when the Chinese philosophy became widespread. There came the Nine Schools of Thought, and these included Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Agricultural, Naturalism, Militarism, Logism, Mohism and Diplomatism.

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Additional Facts about the Dynasty

The Dynasty began with the Zhou clan, whose power greatly increased and extended to the Gansu and Shaanxi provinces by 11th century BC. The powerful clan served as a threat to the Shang Dynasty, and this resulted in an intense conflict between the two.

During this period, King Zhou ruled the Shang, and he was known to be cruel to the citizens in his empire.  Thus, Wenwang, the Zhou tribe’s chief, decided to attack the Shang. He assigned Ji Fa, his son, to carry out this task. The Shang reached its end in 1046 BC after losing the war against the Zhou.

Wuwang, son of Wenwang, formed the Zhou Dynasty. He proclaimed Haojing the dynasty’s capital. According to Chinese history, the Zhou was the longest dynasty as it lasted for more than 800 years. During this period, there were 37 emperors who ruled the dynasty.

The Zhou Dynasty was divided geographically into the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was also divided into two time periods called Spring and Autumn. Both of these periods involved massive wars that lasted from 770 BC to 221 BC.

The Zhou is credited with a number of contributions to the history of China. For instance, it was in this period of time that there were improvements in the fields of science, culture, politics and economy. These advancements were substantial compared to what transpired in the Shang Dynasty.

The Zhou dynasty ended in 221 BC when Qin successfully defeated the six states that formed Eastern Zhou. Then he was able to unify China, and this resulted to the Qin Dynasty, which is known as The New Age of China.

The Sabines were also referred to as Sabini in Latin, are a group of people of Italic descent. They can be found on the Biblical Timeline with world history around 754 BC. This tribe settled in a place in Ancient Italy, which was the central Apennines,. They also remained in Anio’s northern part prior to the discovery and development of Rome.

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After Rome had been founded, the Sabines was formed into two groups. The division of the tribe was considered as a fact instead of a legend. Moreover, the population of this tribe soon entered Rome, and it merged with the groups of people who were already settled in that city. The other group opted to maintain their tribal state and lived in the mountains. Eventually, they waged war against Rome as they fought for their independence. However, the group lost, and it soon became a part of the Roman Republic.

Based on a study by Dionysius, many historians in Rome considered native Romans to have come from Greek descent. For instance, Dionysius mentioned the Sabines as a tribe that entered the city known as Lista, which was also regarded as the Aborigines’ homeland. Many ancient historians also debate on the actual origin of the Italic tribe because of several possibilities of where they have come from. Zenodotus mentioned that the Sabines were known as a group that was once called Umbrians. They only adopted a different name after they vacated the Reatine territory due to the invasion of the Pelasgians. Another scholar named Porcius Cato stated that it could be possible the Sabines were indeed a group of people given such name as it originated from Sabus. According to him, Sabus was Sancus’ son, and he was also referred to as Jupiter Fidius, who was a type of divinity. In Dionysius’ texts, some Lacedaemonians have left Sparta after experiencing the harshness of the Lycurgus‘ laws. They moved to Italy, and it was here that they formed Foronia or the Spartan colony. The said colony remained in the plains of Pomentine while some of the colonies opted to live with the Sabines.

There were accounts of the temperament and traits of the Sabines, which gave a better understanding of this group of people. For instance, the Sabines were noted as aggressive individuals who had a certain behavior that resembled warlike individuals. Furthermore, there were also frugal that they never allowed anything to end up in waste. These qualities were believed to have been an influence of the Spartans.

According to some legends, the Sabine women were once abducted by the Romans with the goal of populating the city of Rome, which was newly established at that time. This event ended up with the women being caught up in the fight between the armies and their families. Once the conflict was over, King Titus Tatius of the Sabine became the ruler of Rome, along with Romulus. After the death of Tatius, there were three centuries of the Equites that became a part of Rome and one of these was with Tatienses, who ruled after the king of Sabian descent ended his reign.