Category: Bible Timeline

Various civilizations were on the rise during the peak of the Yemenite Kingdom, specifically in Mesopotamia, Egypt and several areas situated nearby the Mediterranean Sea. In fact, Yemen served as a widely recognized and significant trade link that connected these civilizations. Numerous goods were traded including incense, which was popular among pre-Islamic nations that took part in the trades.

The Minaean kingdom (1200 to 650 BC) became quite popular at that time because of its spices and frankincense. Another nation that was regarded as its great success and prosperity was Sheba, which was regarded as its efficient irrigation and farming system. A few other nations that were a part of the trade included Hadhramaut and the Qataban kingdoms. These two kingdoms eventually became a part of South Yemen.

Himyar was another pre-Islamic kingdom during that era, which was also joined in the trade. The kingdom was formed during the first century BC, and it ended in about 500 AD where it is located on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History. At that time, Sheba and Himyar had a significant impact on the Yemenite kingdom. These states were even coined as the Arabia Felix because of their prosperity that surpassed several nations.

Conquer of the Yemenite Kingdom

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During the first century BC, Egypt was invaded by Rome, and the Red Sea was turned into the new major route of commerce. Hence, the Arabian kingdoms in the southern part of the nation reached their decline as caravan routes were no longer widely recognized by traders in that era. Soon, the regimes in Yemen also became much weaker as the other trading kingdoms were no longer able to protect the nation from the invasion of the Abyssinians, which is now referred to as Ethiopia. The conquest began in the 4th century by the Abyssinian kingdom, which was followed by the Sassanids in the 6th century. By the 7th century, the Islamic era was on the rise, and this resulted in a significant part of the formation of the Yemeni people and the entire kingdom.

Beginning 525 AD, Yemen succumbed to an intense time of turmoil with the Abyssinians. It also lasted for about 50 years and was eventually followed by the Persians’ rule and control over Yemen. It was also during this period that there was an extensive conflict in terms of the tribal, religious and political aspects of the kingdom. The main purpose of the Persians was to seize the Romans by gaining victory over the Abyssinian army stationed in Yemen. At around 575 AD, the Abyssinians were finally defeated because of the powerful Persian army that reigned supreme over their opponents.

For over 70 years, the Yemenite kingdom was controlled by the Abyssinians. This was also during the time when Christianity was considered as a significant religion throughout the land. Also, the Abyssinians also ruled over some portions of the Arabia Felix.

However, the reign of Abyssinians came to an end when they finally left Yemen, along with the troops of Ayrit, who was the leader of the 70,000 army. The Himyarite ruler, being aware of his defeat, decided to drown himself when he knew that his reign was soon to reach its end. He was also the last ruler of the line of emperors by the Himyarites.

Westward Drift of Huns and Tartars around 100 A.D.

The Huns and Tartars were two distinct tribal groups from the Great Steppes of Asia that was situated between modern day Russia and China. These two tribal groups had been living in the open plains of the Great Steppes of Asia for thousands of years. It was around 100 A.D. (where they are listed on the Bible Timeline) when they started to appear along the borders of Eastern Europe. Starting with the Caspian Sea and extending to the Ural Mountains eastward to the Pacific Ocean was the area that the Tartars occupied.

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In fact, the Tartars were spread out all throughout central and northern Asia and were also known as the Tatars. The Huns had their origins in Asia as well. They were situated in the northern countries that lie above China. They too had migrated over time westward into Europe.

Societal Organization

The Huns and the Tartars were not powerful or organized tribes, and many of them were gathered into a loose confederation of tribal groups. They didn’t have settled societies, and they lived a nomadic life that was rooted in agriculture. Tribal chiefs ruled both the Huns and Tartars and the people were organized by clans under their chiefs. They never united into a single people but remained independent. The tribal groups that were organized within the Huns and the Tartars fought battles or waged wars according to their own agendas. They also migrated throughout Asia in different patterns as well.

Migration

About 100 A.D. different tribal groups throughout northwestern Asia constantly roamed the lands of the Asia Steppes. They included not only the Huns and the Tartars but other tribal groups such as the Mongols, the Turks, and Russian Cossacks. Nearly all of the tribes within these groups had slowly migrated westward across Asia for thousands of years. Many people within these tribes intermingled, and some of them lost their original identities to other tribes within the area.

Most of them would remain in a particular location for many years before they packed up their belongings and moved on to a new region. Once again, they lived off of the land but they didn’t set up permanent societies. Practices such as farming were not widespread among the tribes though they grew food. Most of them were hunters and gatherers. None of these tribal groups was prominent at the time, and they were not in a position to pose any major threat to any empire kingdom of their day. Tribal groups occupied much of Northern and Eastern Europe and some of these groups mixed in with the encroaching Huns and Tartars.

Romans Interpretations of the Huns and Tartars

The Romans were the primary power in Europe during the 1st century A.D. They were the ones who first wrote about the Tartars in their histories. The Romans knew of these people only in passing. They never went to war with the Tartars. They either encountered a few Tartars they traded with along the Rhine River, or they heard rumors about them from various traders or merchants who encountered this group of people further back east. Tartar means mounted carrier or messengers (Latin or French) and apparently some of the early Tartars must have been employed in this capacity by the various tribes that they encountered. This group must have been used for relaying messages between tribes and kingdoms that were situated along the border of Europe and Asia. The Romans only vaguely reported that they were in the area but were not concerned with them as a people.

In Dacia 106 AD, Dacia became a territory of the Roman Empire, and it included Transylvania’s eastern and south-eastern areas, as well as Oltenia and the Banat. When the Roman Empire claimed Dacia as one of its provinces, it was established to become its imperial province. According to historical research, about 650,000 to over a million people lived in Dacia before it was abandoned by Rome in 270 AD (where it is located on the Bible Timeline).

Threats to Dacia’s Security

A period in history called the 3rd Century Crises occurred between 235 and 270 AD, which was also the last phase of the Roman Empire’s hold in Dacia. This stage was a chaotic period in the imperial province as it was frequently under attack by the barbarians. In addition to the security threats by these strong forces, internal anarchy existed in Dacia, which contributed to its devastating downfall. Much of the challenges that Dacia faced came from the East, beginning with the Carps, which was a group of people that settled on the Moldavia. Eventually, the German Goths became a major threat to Dacia’s security, peace and order. Fortunately, Emperor Philip the Arabian was able to prevent the Carps from invading the province during the battle that occurred in 245 to 247. However, the years after that victorious fight, Dacia was left to encounter another difficult problem.

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Dacia’s Worsening Condition

By 260 AD, the incessant attacks of the barbarians caused serious threats to Dacia’s progress. To make things even more difficult, the province experienced problems in terms of monetary circulation as there were fewer penetrations of new coins from the Empire’s capital.

It was also during this period when Emperor Gallienus decided to relocate a number of Dacian legions to Pannonia, specifically in Poetovio. His purpose was to use these soldiers as the upper echelon troops in the Roman’s exercise army.

In 270 AD, the Roman Empire was restored when the state of Zenobia and Empire of the Gauls were reclaimed. All of these accomplishments were credited to the efforts of Aurelian, who was a notable Roman general. Since his main goal was to unify and form a stronger Roman state, he exhausted all of his efforts and made use of all his military forces. Thus, he had no choice left but to abandon Dacia, which was then situated on Danube’s northern shore. It was also in this province that there were significant garrisons by the Roman Empire.

In 271 AD, Aurelian assembled his remaining troops in Dacia, and they were intended to support the defensive line in the Danube. He also formed a new territory that is now a portion of Serbia, and this province was given the name “Dacia”, which was similar to the other province that was abandoned by the Romans.

Although Dacia was abandoned by Rome, that did not end the Roman Empire’s relationship with its other territories from Lower Danube’s northern shore. In fact, the empire still managed a strong military presence to the Danube, along with other areas in that territory including Barbosi, Sucidava, Drobeta and Dierna.

The Saxons were a gathering of Germanic Tribes in the North German Plain, the majority of which lived in vast areas of Great Britain during the Middle Ages. They are listed on the Bible Timeline Poster between 150 AD and 250 AD. The Saxons became part of the Anglo-Saxons who would ultimately bring about the first united Kingdom of England. Many stayed in Germany and defended against the growing Frankish Empire with the guidance of the renowned Widukind.

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Roman influence began to decrease in the northwest part of the country fed with the forceful Saxon piracy located in the North Sea. They extended quickly into North Germany and down the shores of Gaul and Britain. On the other hand, the coasts of Elbe into the Scheldt rivers were maintained by the Frisians over which the Saxons could manipulate.

These growths brought the Saxons into collision with the Franks, becoming the Saxon Wars against Charlemagne in his attempt to convert them into Christianity. This had lasted for 32 years before the Saxons were finally brought completely under the Frankish empire.

Trajan was well known, and a well loved Emperor. Of the Five Good Emperors mentioned by Edward Gibbon, Trajan was listed as the 2^nd best. He came into power on Jan 27 98 AD where he is listed on the Bible Timeline.

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Trajan operated Rome as a triumphant warrior/emperor and was an influence to one of the greatest military growths the country’s history. Roman borders had expanded as far as they would ever go before his death.

Trajan also cared about the community and the economy. He began with a wide range of programs for public buildings, and social welfare policies.

Trajan’s Ascension

September 96 Marcus Cocceius Nerva succeeded the throne. He was older and had no children. Another problem included his unpopularity with the army.  In consequence after a year of strife, he was obligated by the Praetorian Guard to adopt Trajan, who was more popular as heir.

Nerva died not long after and Trajan succeeded him with no opposition. As the new emperor of Rome, he was met by the community with much excitement. This was warranted considering his fairness and mercy that was not as prominent with Domitian’s period.

Trajan set free several people who had been unfairly put in prison by Domitian and restored a large amount of personal land that Domitian had taken. Trajan’s renown was so great that later the Roman Senate awarded him with the honorable title of Optimus or “the best.”

Trajan was most known for as a military commander, especially in his conquers around the Near East. Particularly in his two years of battle with Dacia. This had been an issue of trouble for the Romans for past a decade.

Later he re-established Dacia with the Romans and appropriated it as a Roman Empire region. As a result, they were able to boost the economy from the acquired gold mines. For the next several years Trajan governed in the city with the same prestige he started with. At this period, he communicated with Pliny the Younger particularly about the Christians who were becoming more prominent. They were refusing to adhere to standard religious expectations.

They were largely disdained but as far as Pliny was concerned were not a threat. Trajan replied with his standard care for the public advising Pliny to ignore empty claims against the Christians and only focus on those who were pretentiously obstinate.

War with Parthia

Parthia received the Roman’s attention in 113 A.D. after crowning an unapproved ruler in Armenia. This kingdom had been shared between the two for about fifty years. Trajan’s first action was to attack Armenia and overthrow the king. He then proclaimed Parthia as part of the Roman Empire adding in a process the respect of domination from several tribes in the Caucasus by the Eastern shore of the Black Sea. This procedure kept Trajan occupied for at least a year.

Afterwards, he went on to conquer Babylon, the capital of Chesiphon. Working his way through Mesopotamia until she reached the Persian Gulf. There deciding to stop with his age catching up with him and his health declining. In 117 A.D., Trajan gradually returned to Italy and left Hadrian as a commander over the East.

He died soon after, and Hadrian became his successor. One of his first actions was to end all of Trajan’s Eastern invasions. He re-established Armenia and Osroene to the Parthian’s (under Roman ‘suzerainty’). Then kept everything that was left from Trojan’s conquests under Roman rule.

Christianity began in the city of Jerusalem around 35 A.D.  After the first church was established by the early believers it was attacked by the Jews who wanted to rid themselves of the followers of Jesus Christ. They had previously crucified Jesus because they viewed him as a threat to their power and as a danger to all of Jerusalem. They honestly believed that when Jesus was crucified that his influence would die with him. They were wrong. The Jews didn’t anticipate that his followers would continue to spread his message to the world. So they slowly started a campaign to persecute the early church. Ultimately, they were able to force many Christians to flee Jerusalem to other parts of the world.

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Persecuted Christians Settle all over the Empire of Rome

The Romans had dominated Jerusalem and the surrounding territories within the ancient Middle East and Mesopotamian area. They also controlled most of the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. When Christians left Jerusalem, they spread out to nearby regions within the Roman Empire. As they settled into these areas they started to form new churches. Most of the pagan people that lived in the areas where the Christians settled into thought they were as an odd and strange cult. People were pagans, and the concept of one god was just too foreign for them to understand.

Polytheism is the belief in more than one deity, and ancient people had many polytheistic religions. The Romans were known to worship a pantheon of gods and when they encountered a group of people who worshiped and honored one god they thought this was rather different than the norm. Many Roman people didn’t take to the Jews concept of monotheism, and they didn’t accept the Christian version as well.

General Animosity Toward Early Christians

Christianity was seen as a pagan religion to the Romans. After churches began to form in various parts of the empire the Romans started to become more aware of Christian practices. Many of them formed the idea that Christians were cannibals and that they indulged in incest. They also couldn’t understand the concepts of holiness, salvation, and sin. These were foreign ideas to pagan men. Even though the Romans did stress ideas such as purity, strength, vigor, justice and righteousness; they were rooted in man’s ability to produce these results and not dependence on God (Jesus) through the power of the Holy Spirit.

Most people do not like it when they encounter other groups of people who are different from themselves. Many early Romans felt this way about Christian worshippers. Roman rulers held the same opinion as their subjects. Since they were charged with keeping order within the empire, they sometimes lashed out against the Christians.

The early Christians were martyred all over the empire by different rulers at different times. Some of the most noted rulers who persecuted Christians were Emperor Nero, Emperor Domitian, and Julian the Apostate. After the early Christians were martyred many of the first believers thought to keep them in remembrance.

Catholic Church Establishes Canonization Practice in Honor of Martyred Believers

The Catholic Church was the first established Christian denomination that was started outside of Jerusalem. The word Catholic means “universal” and the universal church was the first Christian organization that started the worship of martyrs or the worship of Christian saints. The Roman Church began a process of recognizing martyred saints around the 2nd century AD. It is listed on the Bible Timeline between 150-250 A.D.  This process eventually became known as canonization and many Christian martyrs who showed exemplary service for the cause of Christianity could be added to the list. The practice still continues, and it is not uncommon for some Catholic believers to pray to these saints so that they could petition God on their behalf. When Christians died after living an outstanding life in Christ, they could be venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. Famous martyrs over the years have been canonized, and they include Stephen (Acts 6 – 7) who was the first persecuted Christian and Origen and Polycarp, who were early church, fathers.

Bible References:

Acts 6 -7 Martyr of Stephen

Acts 8: 1 The first is persecuted and scattered.