Eusebius, who is also referred to as Eusebius Pamphili or Eusebius of Caesarea, was a renowned Christian polemicist and historian. He also served as the bishop of the Caesarean centers during 314 AD where he is listed on the Bible Timeline with World History. However, his greatest contribution was when he wrote the Ecclesiastical History, which was one of the books he has produced.
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When Agapius completed his term as bishop of Caesarea, he was succeeded by Eusebius. This brilliant man took a special role during the Council of Nicaea, which was in 325 AD. Emperor Constantine considered Eusebius as a wise and noble man, and it was one of the reasons why the latter was chosen to present his own creed to the 318 attendees during the Council. One of Eusebius’ powerful opponents was Athanasius of Alexandria. At the synod held in Caesarea in 334, Athanasius was summoned to attend, but he refused to do so. During the year after that, he was requested to take part in the synod, in Tyre. It was in this event that Eusebius of Caesaria was tasked to preside. Athanasius was able to foresee the possible result of this situation, and he proceeded to Constantinople to speak about this matter to the emperor. Afterwards, Constantine summoned the bishops including Eusebius.
Following some deliberations, Athanasius was condemned, and he was put into exile in 335 AD. Since then, Eusebius gained the trust and favor of the emperor. He was also inspired to write about the life of the emperor shortly after his death in 337. Moreover, his work entitled “The Life of Constantine” became a significant historical masterpiece since it included numerous accounts from actual witnesses and primary sources that strengthened the credibility of his work.
About the Church History
Eusebius, the Roman bishop of Caesarea, wrote the Church History during the fourth century. This served as his brilliant masterpiece, which chronicled the development and progress of early Christianity during the first to the fourth century. Originally, the text was written in Koine Greek, yet it was eventually translated into Armenian, Syriac and Latin. This fine work by Eusebius was depicted as the very first and full-length narrative that was historical in nature and expressed the viewpoint of a Christian. Also, the text was continued by Sozomen and Socrates Scholasticus, who were the two great advocates of this masterpiece in Constantinople.
Along with Theodoret of Cyrrhus, a bishop, they continued this exceptional work written by Eusebius. It is worth noting that the chronicle written by Eusebius was intended to give a layout of a comparative timeline featuring the Old Testament and pagan history. It included a few other historiographical genres and universal history. This great masterpiece served historical importance, although the author did not have any intentions of making this text a vindication of Christianity as a religion. Nevertheless, the eloquence and wisdom that the author exuded in completing this text has turned it into one of the finest works in the history of the Catholic Church.
Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus was also known as Hadrian was born January 24 76 AD and died on July 10 183 AD. He was the emperor of Rome during 117 – 138 AD where he is listed on the Bible Timeline with World History. He is most recognized for the Pantheon, Temple of Venus and Roma. He also had Hadrian’s Wall built that set the northern borders of Roman Britain. Hadrian was thought of by many as a ‘humanist’ and a ‘philhellene’. He is thought well of as one of the Five Good Emperors.
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During his youth, Hadrian was soundly taught in Italica Hispania (today’s Seville, Spain) his native land. Then he departed for Rome only around the age of 14. Where began work in the military as Tribune for Emperor Nerva, ho soon died and was succeeded by Trajan. Who was recorded as the first Emperor of Rome to be of local descent. In time historians would try to locate the birthplace of Trajan and Hadrian to Rome however they were of Hispanic ethnicity which was popularly thought of to be a factor for Trajan’s actions in adopting Hadrian.
It is disputed that Trajan actually adopted Hadrian since it did not occur until right around his death. Trajan’s wife Plotina was in favor of Hadrian succeeding and had been the one to sign the documents. Despite this Trajan had held Hadrian in high esteem and had thought of him as a possible heir but with no paperwork to make it formal.
Emperor
As soon as he ascended the throne Hadrian established loyalty with his armies and immediately sent away a Lusius Quietus, a possible threat. The Senate was aligned next despite an argument that Hadrian’s adoption papers were indeed Trajan’s doing. He was soon well esteemed by the people due to his continued absence from Rome to maintain order. He spent 12 years out of 21 going from province to province correcting management and ensuring the obedience of the legions. He was very well learned and involved with every part of ruling and enforcing justice. His dedication to the army was so much so that he was said to sleep and eat with the ordinary soldiers and often portrayed wearing military clothes despite his reign being comparatively calm.
Hadrian’s directions to new buildings are possibly the greatest part of his remembrance. He brought about cities all over the Balkan Peninsula, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Greece. He loved Greece and Greek Literature so much that he was called ‘Graeculus’ or ‘Greekling’ in his younger years but this enthusiasm did not diminish with time. He frequented Greece often and was part of the Eleusinian Mysteries very intimately. The Arch of Hadrian was built by the people of Athens during 131-132 AD in recognition as the originator of the city. He devoted many places in Greece towards youthful ‘lover’ Antinous who had drowned in the Nile River 130 AD. Hadrian had cared intesnly for him and his mourned his passing so much that he Hadrian had him defied (where originated the mystery cult in honor of Antinous). While in Egypt he started the city Antinopolis, in Rome he had the Pantheon rebuilt (had burnt down) and Trajan’s Forum along with financing the erection of more buildings, baths and villas. Several of these creations stayed together for a long period of time even as far as the 19th Century; the Pantheon still stands to this day.
Jerusalem
In 130 AD Hadrian went to Jerusalem, a place that was in ruins from the First Roman-Jewish War in 66-73 AD. He had the city reconstructed with his own plans and had it named Aelia Capitolina Jupiter Capitolinus in honor of himself and the Ruler of the Roman Gods.
After he had a temple built to Jupiter on top of the remains of the Temple of Solomon (which was hallowed by the Jews), the people gathered in defiance under Simon bar Kokhbah in what was to turn into bar Kokhbah’s Revolt. The Roman lost an immense amount in this venture however the Jews fatalities were just as terrible. When the revolt was finally ended 580,000 Jews had been destroyed and more than 1000 cities demolished. Afterwards Hadrian exiled all the Jews that remained and named the area Syria Palaestina in honor of the foes of the Jewish people, the Philistines. Hadrian then had an open fire of the Torah, killed the Jewish scholars, and banned the religion altogether.
Death
When Hadiran’s health began to weaken he went back to Rome and spent his time writing poetry and governing the country. He adopted and had Antoninus Pius heir with the directions for Antoninus to name Marcus Aurelius as the following successor. Hadrian passed away in 138 AD supposedly from a heart attack at 62 years old.
Decius was a Roman Emperor born in 201 A.D. and who died in 251 A.D. where he is listed on the Bible Timeline with World History. While he ruled he focused on strengthening the Roman Empire. During his reign, many European and Asian barbarian tribes were pushing themselves deeper into Roman territory. He not only fought the various Germanic tribes that were old enemies of Rome, he also had to hold back the encroaching Goths who were beginning to threaten the stability of the empire.
Highly Respected Soldier Decius was a very capable leader and soldier. He was so effective on the battlefield that his men wanted him to become emperor. Decius served under a Roman ruler named Philip the Arab. This particular Roman Emperor ruled Rome for five years between 244 A.D. and 249 A.D. While he was in power he received word from a confidant who informed him about what was taking place along the Danube. After he figured out what was happening he gathered his forces to put an end to this mutiny. Decius tried to work out some type of negotiation, but it failed. In 249 A.D. Emperor Philip the Arab and General Decius fought a great battle in Northern Italy. The emperor was slain and Decius became the new ruler.
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Persecution of the Christian BelieversShortly after Decius came to power he passed a law that demanded all people within the Roman Empire to make a sacrifice to the emperor. The Christian citizens naturally disagreed with this law and, as a result, many were imprisoned or killed. Historical evidence indicates that many prominent Christian members within Roman society were slain for not obeying this order. A plague had also broken out within the empire and it supposedly had corresponded with the outbreak of the persecutions that had taken place. Many people of the day blamed the Christians for the plague. This motivated Decius and the immediate emperors who followed his rule, to further persecute Christians if they did not worship the emperor. Decius reign was far different from many of his predecessors who made an effort to help Christians.
Decius wasn’t emperor for very long and most of his time was spent fighting wars and battles. He did his best to try and improve the moral climate within Rome and the empire. He was moderately successful with this effort. He also initiated some building projects and he regulated religious worship.
The Warrior Emperor
Emperor Decius eventually had to spend a great deal of time confronting enemies on the battlefield. In 250 he had given power to a senator named Valerianus so that he could personally drive out the invading Goths under the leadership of a king named Kniva. He also proclaimed that his son Herrinius Etrucus Caesar to be the next ruler in case he died while in battle. He fought the Goths in 250 and lost. He fought once again in 251 but won during that campaign.
While Decius was away, a usurper to his power had arisen and his name was Valens. Julius Licinius Valerianus had put down the rebellion. Emperor Decius had met his demise in 251 A.D. when he confronted the Goth King Kniva. He and his son both died while fighting him on the battlefield.
Emperor Septimius Severus ruled Rome from 193 A.D. to 211 A.D. Where he is listed on the Biblical Timeline Chart with World History. Before accepting the status as emperor, Septimius Severus performed public services in Rome. He became a senator under Marcus Aurelius. He also was in charge of civil duties such as fixing roads, and he served in the courts. Roman historians claim that his public career advanced after the Plague had swept through Rome killing many people including wise and capable Roman administrators. He was able to serve in Africa and Spain as a governor. Severus even became a tribune of the Plebians and was elected as a candidate for the emperor.
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Eventually, Severus was given command of legions by Commodus, and this happened in 191. Commodus was assassinated later that year, and Pertinax, who was a high ranking military, and senator became the next emperor. He was killed by the Praetorian Guard after serving 3 months in office. Pertinax marked the beginning of the Year of the Five Emperors. Severus’ soldiers then wanted him to be emperor and Severus didn’t mind the honor.
He went back to Rome to claim the empire. A general named Didius Julianus had somehow managed to pay off certain officials to become the next emperor after Pertinax. The Senate condemned his actions and had him executed. This was when Septimius Severus took control of Rome. He dismissed the current Praetorian Guard and placed his own soldiers into its ranks. He also executed the men responsible for Pertinax’s death.
There were other Roman legions who proclaimed their generals to be emperor. Pescennius Niger of Syria was given this honor by his soldiers. Septimius told a British governor named Clodius Albinus that he would be the next Caesar if he were to die, before moving against Niger to defeat him at the Battle of Issus. He then set out to defeat anyone who had supported Niger. He also battled another general named Albinus and defeated him as well. By 197 A.D. he was emperor, and no one was left to challenge him.
Roman Government under Emperor Septimius Severus
Once he became Emperor he was not popular with the Senate because his actions had turned Rome into a military dictatorship. He was popular with the people, and he had managed to stop the corruption that occurred during Commodus’ reign. He persecuted Christians and Jews when they did not worship him as emperor. He did this by default since he was only following established emperor worship policies already set in place. He held military campaigns in Africa, Britain and Parthia as well as many other parts of the empire and they were usually successful though he lost ten of thousands of soldiers. Septimius Severus died in 211 after he became ill his son Caracalla continued his campaigns but eventually stopped and settled for peace.
Septimius Severus was born to a wealthy family in 208 A.D. His father was named Publius Septimius Geta and mother was Fulvia Pia. His father was a provincial and he had two cousins who served as consuls under the former emperor Antoninus Pius. He also had an older brother and a younger sister.
Rome Has Greatest Territorial Possessions in 117 AD
According to historians, Rome reached the peak of its territorial expansion in 117 AD where it is listed on the Bible Timeline with World History when Trajan succeeded in conquering Dacia. It was during that time that Rome gained the reputation of being the most powerful empire in history, as well as the third largest because of its extensive territories. In fact, research shows that there were at least 60 million individuals in Rome during the time of Jesus.
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The Roman Empire (red) and its clients (pink) in 117 AD during the reign of Emperor Trajan.
Trajan’s Goals of Expanding Rome’s Territories
Emperor Trajan had a primary objective of extending the territories of Rome to increase the empire’s power over other nations. Thus, he aimed to reign supreme over another thriving kingdom during that period, which was Parthia. The mighty ruler was able to take over Mesopotamia and Armenia, in 113 AD. His victories fueled his desire to conquer Parthia’s capital, and he succeeded in his attempts to do so. It was in 115 to 116 AD when Trajan captured Ctesiphon, the heart of the kingdom of Parthia.
Upon the conquest of Dacia, numerous revolts were organized in various provinces of Parthia. Eventually, these revolts by the Jewish people resulted to Trajan and his army’s withdrawal from Antioch’s Syrian capital. Being a fearless and wise ruler that he was, Trajan was able to put an end to these Jewish revolts. He also decided to go back to Rome, so he could devise a more effective plan to conquer Parthia once and for all.
Rome’s Territorial Possessions in 117 AD
The Roman Empire expanded greatly under Trajan’s reign. At that time, Rome covered a total area of 5 million square kilometers. As for its inhabitants, there were between 55 and 60 million residents in Rome, and they accounted for about 1/6 to 1/4 of the population throughout the world. Moreover, Antioch, Alexandria and Rome, which were the empire’s three major cities, were double the size of most European cities during that period in history.
The scope of Rome’s territories stretched from the infamous Hadrian’s Wall in northern England up to the banks of the Euphrates, situated in Syria. Also, it also covered the Rhine-Danube river system, the North African plains, Egypt’s Nile Valley, Europe’s flat lands, the Black Sea, and virtually surrounding the Mediterranean. That was how large and rich the Roman Empire was in 117 AD. All of these accomplishments were the outcomes of Trajan’s brilliant schemes and successful attempts at expanding the Roman Empire. Indeed, his remarkable sense of leadership and commitment to his responsibility has helped the empire become one of the most envied during that century.
Continuing Efforts After Trajan’s Rule
When Trajan died near the latter part of 117 AD, Hadrian took his place and aimed to maintain the empire’s power instead of expanding it. During his rule, frontiers were heavily guarded, and borders were firmly defined. To protect the Roman Empire from the threats of invaders, the Hadrian’s Wall was built. It also serves as a visible proof and surviving legacy of the emperor’s success in safeguarding the empire from the barbarians and other potential threats to its safety.
Lucius Aurelius Commodus was conceived August 31, 161 AD in Lanuvium (about 14 miles from Rome) where he is listed on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History. His parents were Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger. He was the tenth child with 13 other siblings. Commodus was born as a twin to his brother who died when he was just 4 years of age. Commodus’ name was bestowed upon him to honor Marcus Aurelius’ joint ruler and brother by adoption Lucius Verus. Unfortunately, no other son of Marcus besides Commodus lived past their youth. Commodus’ father was the last of the “5 good emperors,” however he didn’t follow in his footsteps.
When he became emperor it was the very first time a biological son had inherited his parent’s throne since Titus inherited the kingdom from his father Vespasian in 79 AD. The Emperors since then had only been able to succeed the throne through prestige and valor. Commodus was watched by his father’s doctor Galen to maintain his health and keep him alive. He also had a thorough education directed from his father. The focus appeared to be towards military skills and the knowledge he would need to govern the kingdom when his time came. At the early age of 5 years old in 166 AD, Commodus was proclaimed Caesar (‘junior emperor’).
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In 177 AD following Cassius’ rebellion, Emperor Aurelius announced Commodus as Augustus and co-emperor. Up until then he was the youngest consul in the history of Rome being around the age of 15. Afterward, he wed Bruttia Crispina; he then traveled with his father to the Danube to protect the country in 178 AD till 180 AD when Marcus passed away.
Unsatisfactory Rule
Even though Marcus Aurelius’ reign was filled with constant war and Commodus’ was relatively calm as far as battles go it was noted by political contention. His actions became increasingly illogical and unpredictable which was the cause for much strife and discontent. This was recorded by many as the start to the weakening of Rome. Commodus had a tendency for weakness and influenced by those around him. He was also known as brutal and extreme conduct. His actions were somewhat tempered when Marcus ruled but even during that time it was said he exhibited actions close to Nero even while he was young.
Commodus didn’t stay in the Danube for very long, just enough time to work out a treaty of peace in order to return to Rome for an easier life. Shortly after his ascension Commodus altered his name to Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus. In 182 AD, his sibling Lucilla plotted along with a gathering of senators to kill him. When it failed the emperor responded in kind and all he found involved were eventually put to death. In 186 AD, he ordered his chief killed to please his army; three years following he let the minister’s heir get killed by a mob.
Uncommon to the past few rulers Commodus didn’t show very much concern in the management and care needed to govern a kingdom. He was content to let more important work go to his chosen associates. At the top of his list was his chamberlain Saoterus; a freedman originating in Nicomedia. He was eventually put to death as well along with many more people trying to scheme for power and attain the government. Discontent in the politics led to a sequence of plots and attempted rebellions that brought Commodus to return to his responsibilities. A task he handled with a growing tyrannical approach.
Despite the Senate’s fear and loathing of him, he looked to have been well liked among the army and the public for most of his rule. Most likely in the event of his extravagant demonstrations of generosity and his dramatic plays as a gladiator. For the people of Rome, it was surprising to see their Emperor appear as a gladiator for at that time only slaves and prostitutes were put in the stadium. They were considered one of the lowest people of the community.
Commodus clearly didn’t have a single thought to what others thought about him or his actions. He would show up to such events playing the part of Hercules the son of Jupiter and wearing a lion’s skin. It was clear that his reasoning was getting worse as he became increasingly narcissistic and acted outrageously. Nothing that faced Commodus in the ring hardly had a chance, all combatants were very poorly armed and the animals pathetically chained to a wall. Unlike the popular gladiator fights which portrayed experience and talent, many had a hard time not laughing as they watched the Emperor act so juvenile.
Selfish Acts
In the year 191 AD, a major part of Rome was destroyed by a devastating fire that lasted for many days. Public buildings were lost and even parts of the royal palace were burnt. While rebuilding in 192 AD, Commodus saw occasion to announce himself as Romulus and renamed the city after himself Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana. Also altering the names of the month in honor of his rule, he even renamed the legions, the fleet that brought in grain form Africa, the Senate, his palace and the Roman public after him. In effect, he declared himself as the source of the Empire, Roman existence and religion. Quintus Aemilius Laetus was the one to finally initiate the termination of Commodus. The court chamberlain Eclectus and Commodus’ choice concubine Marcia joined this undertaking. After a failed attempt to poison and some careful planning, they had Narcissus his wrestling partner strangle him. He died December 31 192 AD. Septimus Severus and Clodius Albinus (African associates of Laetus) were made governors of Upper Pannonia and Britain. Pescennius Niger (also an ally to Laetus) was set over Syria. The next emperor was Publius Hevlius Pertinax, Rome’s city prefect. The Senate announced Commodus a ‘public enemy’ and righted the names the conceited emperor had altered after himself. His statues were also torn down.
The biggest references for Aurelius are few, far between and most often undependable. Deciphering the facts from fiction has been a cause for much study and debate for many of the ancient emperors. Although there have been found several manuscripts of his story that are largely reliable. Aurelius was born as M Annius Verus April 26 121 AD where he is located on the Biblical Timeline Chart with World History. He was part of a notable family with Spanish ancestry. His parents were Annius Verus and Domitia Lucilla. Marcus’ grandfather worked as a consulate that year for the second time and on to a third time in 126 AD. This was an extraordinary occurrence that set their family with high honor. His grandfather then worked for Emperor Hadrian as city prefect.
Aurelius was well educated and had a particular interest in rhetoric and philosophy. His interest and drive towards knowledge was so notable that Emperor Hadrian noticed him and referred to him as “Verissimus,” which means, “Most truthful”. He earned many honors from a young age and looked to have been thought of as a possible ruler from Hadrian. The Emperor had originally named L. Ceionius Commodus but he died unexpectedly. Hadrian then adopted a well-known senator named T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus who originated from Cisalpine Gual. As part of the charge that was put upon Antoninus as heir, he was to adopt the youthful Verus (later to be called M. Aelius Aurelius Verus) along with Commodus’ son L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus. Their ages were 17 and 8. Aurelius labored next to his new father and learned the systems of the government and public policies.
During 140 AD, Aurelius was named consul (head of the senate) a job that he would have twice more before he died. As time went by he acquired more duties and official abilities thus becoming a reliable resource of help and advice to Emperor Antoninus. Despite all these responsibilities, Aurelius still found time to continue his learning in philosophy and law.
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Following a series of unsuccessful tries to kill himself (all stopped by Antoninus) Hadrian departed for Baiae which was a coastal resort by the Campanian shore. While there Hadrian’s health got worse and he forsook the instructions given him by his doctor, eating and drinking whatever he wanted. He asked for Antoninus who was there when he died July 10 138 AD. Antoninus’ ascension to the throne was smooth and unchallenged. He maintained the previous emperor’s people in office and pacified the senate by acknowledging their part and carrying the orders of death sentenced to men who had been convicted during Hadrian’s reign. After such acts, Antoninus was awarded the honorable title of “Pius”.
Right after Hadrian passed away Antoninus asked Marcus to cancel his betrothal to Ceionia Fabia and marry his daughter Faustina. In turn Faustina’s fiancé Ceionia’s brother would have to be declined as well. Marcus agreed and arrangements were made. They were married in 145 AD and had several children although sadly a few did not survive for very long. The most recognized ones were his daughter Lucilla and his son Commodus.
Antoninus Pius was a ruler of Rome for an extended period of time. During this era relations were mostly peaceful and there was significant growth in the country. Antoninus was not as interested in military campaigns, and never departed Italy as ruler. There were only a scattering of instability on the borders of the country which were maintained quickly and victoriously. As a result neither heir of Antoninus’ acquired a bit of familiarity towards war and negotiations; a shortfall that contributed to serious problems and events in years to come.
As time went by and Antoninus got older, Aurelius would do more and more work for the kingdom. Especially when he was named praetorian prefect, in 160 AD Aurelius and Lucius were appointed shared consuls the next year. March 7 161 AD Antoninus called for the imperial council and handed his authority to his daughter and her husband Aurelius. He died that night which ended the longest reign since Augustus, even overlapping Tiberius by several months.
There was no conflict or opposition to Aurelius’ ascension to the throne. He elected his brother as shared emperor just like Hadrian had designated.
A Troubled Rule
Not at all like the peace and prosperity that was seen at the time of Antoninus’ reign the joint leadership of the siblings were followed with war and illness. In 160 AD, the Parthian’s sought to take over the East. Lucius Verus fronted the battles while Aurelius maintained Rome. They had much-needed help from several generals including Avidius Cassius the future governor of Syria. The soldiers that came back to Rome carried some sort of disease with them that took several years to abate and killed an entire segment of the people. With most historical plagues, it was nearly impossible to conclude which one it was. However, it is probable that the affliction was smallpox. The depth of the impact is still up for debate.
Another difficulty occurred in early 162 AD when the Tiber overflowed it banks and flooded many parts of Rome. Animals drowned and the city was left with very little or no food. The two rulers focused on this with as much attention as they could muster. Other such disastrous events noted that the emperors had helped the Italian people with Roman stores.
As the war with Parthia came to an end Aurelius and Verus came to another confrontation, this time with the German tribes in the later 160s. They had overcome the DanubeRiver and battled against a Roman city. Aurelius and Verus had to come up with the finances before they could face the Germans with a sufficient number of soldiers. When Verus died in 169 AD Aurelius was forced to maintain the country and battles against the Germans by himself.
Aurelius’ agendas were first to drive out his enemies from Italy and place them back into their own land past the Danube. He worked to cut off the tribes one at a time and beat them in order to accomplish this. This was worked well as a single tribe at a time was beaten and reunited to Roman rule. Unfortunately this took a long time and had a hefty toll on finances. This work was disrupted in 175 AD from general Avidius Cassius (governor of Syria) who had announced the kingdom under his rule. It is not known if he either he acted from a report that Auerlius had died or was scheming with the emperor’s wife but Aurelius had to take action quickly.
Before Auerlius could get there the challenger was killed. The emperor took a bit to fix matters and re-establish his reign among his people before traveling back to the North in order to deal with the Germans once more. This time he brought his son Commodus who was only 16 at the time. Their strategies were victorious but in the early 180 AD Auerlius passed away, one year prior to ending the conflict. Commodus succeeded his father and quickly accepted an agreement of peace in order to return to Rome with a desire for a life of simplicity and comfort. Rome never had the ‘upper hand’ ever again with their correspondence towards the Germanic Tribes past the set borders of the country.
Antonius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus) was born as an only child from Titus Aurelius Fulvus in 89 AD where he is listed on the Biblical Timeline with World History. His family was originally from Nemausus (called today Nimes). His mother was Arria Fadilla, his father (also his paternal grandfather) passed away when he was little. In consequence, he was brought up by Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, his maternal grandfather. He was known to be a man of honor, traditions and an associate with Pliny the Younger. His mother wed Publius Julius Lupus where she bore two daughters: Arria Lupula and Julia Fadilla.
Not very much is recorded concerning Antonius in his younger years. There is a small biography in ‘Scriptores Historiae Augustae’ to Julius Capitolinus that mentions his work as quaestor, praetor, and consul. P. von Rohden’s writing in Pauly-Wissowa marks Antonius’ work in these fields around 112 AD, 117 and 120. Sometime through 110 AD – 115 he wed Annia Galeria Faustina (daughter of M Annius Verus). She conceived four children namely: Marcus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus (passed away previous to 138 AD), Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (also passed away previous to 138), Aurelia Fadilla (passed away 135 AD) and Anna Galeria Faustina Minor (Faustina the Younger), she lived around 125,130-175 AD (the upcoming Roman Empress married to her ‘maternal’ cousin, Emperor Marcus Aurelius).
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Antonius was then presently made one of Emperor Hadrian’s ‘consular administrators’ in Italy. Then from 130 AD – 135 became ‘proconsul’ of Asia. While serving Hadrian he became renowned for his work and had the opportunity to retire with immense honor but in 138 AD circumstances changed his prospects quickly. The start of that year Emperor Hadrian’s adopted son Aelius Verus died. Hadrian then went before the Senate and proclaimed Antoninus his son and successor as ‘proconsular’ and ‘tribunician’. Unfortunately at that time only one of Antonius’ children lived (Anna Galeria Faustina Minor). She married M. Antoninus (Marcus Aurelius) whom Antoninus had adopted with L. Verus (son of Aelius Verus). After Antoninus came to rule he demanded the unwilling Senate provide traditional religious respects towards Hadrian. Because of this and perhaps more similar deeds he was bestowed the last name of Pius.
Death of Faustina
When his wife passed away in 141 AD, Antoninus was immensely grieved. In tribute to her life, he requested the Senate to exalt her as a ‘goddess’ and built a temple in her name. Also adding to the memory of her an ‘alimentary program’ that joined loans to Italian farmers with money; producing interest that was sent for the help of orphaned girls. This program was called Puellae Faustinianae.
Actions as Emperor
Antoninus was careful with funds and did not toss it around in luxury. He uplifted public services that were practical for the people. His ‘procurators’ were informed to hold tribute sensible and kept them responsible for staying within set limits. For the most part, the country flourished with his rule and application of ‘informers’ came to a stop. Julius Capitolinus mentioned the greatness of Antoninus’ rule with this statement: “With such care did he govern all peoples under him that he looked after all things and all men as if they were his own.”
Despite his conservation in growing ‘imperial revenues’, Antoninus supplied timed grants of the fund to the civilians and soldiers; also giving community events and an immense diversity of animals for show. Along with that he gave his personal finances to allocate oil, grain, and wine with no charge at a period of famine. This helped lessen the destruction rooted in Rome from fires, floods, and earthquakes.
He had temples, theaters, and mausoleums built. He supported arts and sciences and gave honors with funds rewarded to the teachers of rhetoric and philosophy. Antoninus created some small alterations at first when he came to power, but kept as much as he could the standards left by Emperor Hadrian. The many years with Antoninus as Emperor were mostly acclaimed as peaceful; or as many would say “The quiet before the Storm” which came with the next ruler Marcus Aurelius.
There are however records from Capitolinus stating he was involved with wars, “through legates”, with Britain, Moor, Germany, Dacia, and Alan. He also had to stop a revolt in Achaea, Egypt, along with the Jewish people. War with the British was during 142 AD towards the Brigantes. This carved the way for the building of the Antonine Wall around the isle to serve as another line of defense following North from Hadrian’s Wall. With that in mind, communications towards surrounding countries had a great deal of respect for him. He was involved in approving the Kings over Armenia, Lazi, and the Quadi. He also victoriously stopped a Parthian battle against Armenia simply by messaging the King of Parthia a note of caution against such maneuvers. Antoninus was very different from other emperors with the surprising record that he managed such events while in Italy. He handled such things with letters; an example would be Ephesus where the notices were displayed for all to see. His manner of action was very complimented from those of his time and future ages.
Change in Laws
Emperor Antoninus had focused much of his time towards changing laws and their practices all over the country. He was not a trendsetter, but he did not keep to the ‘letter of the law’. Instead, his passions were for the people, fairness and bringing into the Roman laws several significant, innovative values with this idea. Many lawyers worked with Antoninus and most likely counseled the emperor on lawful agendas. This involved defending slaves, freedmen, and unclaimed children. In turn altering the family, such as inheritances, as well as contemplation for what the daughter’s desires were towards arranged marriages.
Death and Legacy
When Atnoninus became 70 in 156 AD he had a hard time sitting straight without ‘stays’. He began taking small bites of dry bread in order to have the endurance to stay alert during his early meetings. As Antoninus aged he gave Marcus Aurelius and L. Verus consulship to ready them for succession. He was very careful to have the country in order with strong finances set and his sons he had adopted acquired a large inheritance in the Treasury. He didn’t live much longer after that. 2 days prior to passing away it is said Antoninus visited his ancestral land in Lorium, Etruria. He clearly wasn’t feeling well and on March 7 161 he called for his royal council to hand the kingdom to Marcus and his daughter and died soon after.
Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius were listed as part of the five Good Emperors. Antoninus cared about his responsibilities and had a great concern for the well being of his people.
Battle leader, legal representative and author, Pliny the Elder appears on the Bible Timeline Poster from 23 AD to 70 AD. His studies on nature molded the foundation of the sciences for centuries.
Pliny passed away August 25, 79 AD after trying to save a friend and his family with his ship from Mount Vesuvius as it erupted. The volcano had already demolished Pompeii and Herculaneum. The persistent wind prevented his ship from leaving the shoreline. His collapse and death were blamed on the toxic fumes; however his companions had no reaction to the vapors. That suggested he might have died from natural influences instead of the volcanic activity.
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Pliny grew up in a wealthy family and joined the army as was the custom for men of his status. He worked his way up through the ranks with his knowledge and influential friendships. It was during this time that he started writing books and became interested in recording history. He started with the wars among the Romans and the Germans.
It took him several years to finish his first project. The next two books he wrote were about his former commander Pomponius Secundus. Pliny also published books on grammar, public speaking, Africa, nature and more.
At the end of Nero’s reign around 69 A.D., Vespasian became emperor and appointed Pliny to be in his administrations as a procurator. June 23, 79 Vespasian died of a disease. Two months later, Pliny was sent to Misenum in the Roman navy to guard against unlawful actions. When Mount Vesuvius erupted, he received a message from his friend Rectina for help. He died shortly after being rescued.
Emperor Claudius had a nephew named Caligula who was considered one of Rome’s worst rulers. Once Emperor Caligula was murdered in 41 A.D. Claudius took his place. That is where he is listed on the Biblical Timeline Poster. Most sources claim that Emperor Claudius was probably not the most likely candidate that should have been allowed a consulship in Rome. He was a sickly child and his illness had caused him to form some disabilities. He walked with a limp for most of his life and he was considered slightly deaf as well.
When former emperors Tiberius and Caligula had ruled Rome they both got rid of any potential rivals to their power. They didn’t care who the rivals were and they executed or banished many of their kinsmen or close friends. Since Claudius wasn’t well liked because of his illness Tiberius and Caligula both had overlooked him as a threat and they left him alone.
Claudius’ Early Years
Claudius came from a wealthy and respected family within Rome who had connections with Emperor Tiberius. His father Drusus was a military commander and politician who spent a great deal of time fighting in Germania. His mother was Antonia Minor the daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. He was born in 10 B.C. and apparently his father Drusus had died shortly before or after his birth.
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Once Claudius began to grow his mother didn’t want to have anything to do with him. She referred to him as a monster because of his apparent disability. He also had some unusual illnesses during his childhood years that help to make his handicap more profound. He was then sent to live with grandmother Livia who eventually pushed him off to a former mule driver for training. As he grew into young a young adult his handicap seemed as if it went away and his family became somewhat interested in him again. He became educated but still wasn’t fully accepted by his relatives or Roman society. A well-known scholar of the time named Livy was hired to tutor Claudius and this gave him some hope of becoming a respected leader within Roman society.
The Reluctant Politician
Claudius didn’t understand how to maneuver through politics and this dashed his hopes of becoming a leader in public office. Even though his uncle Emperor Tiberius allowed him a position he didn’t want him to advance any further. Claudius decided to retire to a scholarly life instead of trying to pursue a political career. After Emperor Tiberius had died Emperor Caligula took over and when he was in charge he eventually made Claudius his co-consul. The only reason why Caligula did this was for sentimental reasons and to publicly humiliate his uncle Claudius. Sources claim that Claudius was probably so stressed out that he lost a lot of weight during the four years that Emperor Caligula ruled Rome.
Claudius becomes Emperor
Emperor Caligula was assassinated in 41 A.D. and Claudius had to go into hiding before he could become the leader of Rome. Soon the senate realized that he should become the rightful emperor and allowed him to govern Rome. Once Claudius became ruler he pardoned many of the conspirators who killed his nephew but he did kill the main instigators of this event.
Emperor Claudius expanded the Empire’s borders during his rule gaining the territories of Judea, Lycia, Thrace, Noricum, Mauretania and Pamphylia. He conducted censuses throughout the empire, personally judge legal cases and built many public works. The people loved Claudius despite his disabilities. They considered him the same type of person as they were. However, he didn’t get along with the senate and tried to make many reforms to this governing body. Emperor Claudius also built temples to honor the Roman gods and he endorsed the spectacle of Roman games. Eventually, Claudius had died in 54 A.D. either by poisoning or from natural causes. He had four wives during his lifetime and his last wife was Agrippina the Younger. He had five children and his adopted son Nero (born by Agrippina) became the next ruler of Rome after his demise.
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