Category: Biblical Timeline Poster

Early Years

In the early years of the fifth century, a series of rulers from the Theodosian dynasty rose just as the empire was at its lowest point. Rome and Constantinople were ruled by a single family, but the empire had disintegrated beneath the surface; Valentinian III of the Western Roman Empire received the brunt of this division. He is recorded on the Biblical Timeline With World History at 425 AD.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

Valentinian III was born on the 2nd of July, 419 AD to the former emperor Constantius III and his wife Galla Placidia, the sister of the Western Roman Emperor Honorius. His father was proclaimed Augustus in 421 AD, but he died after only seven months in autumn of the same year. Galla Placidia and Emperor Honorius fell into a disagreement some time later, and the widow, along with her children, were forced into exile to Constantinople where they were warmly received by her nephew, the Emperor Theodosius II.

Honorius died without an heir in 423 AD and he was replaced by Joannes, a senior civil servant who was elevated as emperor by Honorius’ patrician, Castinus. As emperor, Joannes was generally accepted in what remained of the Western Roman Empire, with the exception of the province of Africa. Theodosius II responded with the nomination of his cousin as the next ruler of the Western Empire, Valentinian III, and started plans to depose Joannes from the throne. Theodosius succeeded and in 425 AD, Joannes was defeated by the Eastern Roman army. He was executed in the same year while his supporter, the general Aetius, was away on a mission to ask the Hunnic warriors for reinforcements.

Co-regency with Galla Placidia

Valentinian was proclaimed Caesar a year before and he was declared Augustus in 425 AD when he was just six years old. His mother played an important role in running the empire and she was a regent for him between 425 to 437 AD. It was she who negotiated with Aetius when he led an army (which included considerable Hunnic troops) into Roman territory after the death of Joannes. Reluctant to engage in war, she ensured that her son’s reign was off to a good start when she paid off the Huns to leave the Western Empire and go back to their own territories; she also elevated Aetius to magister militum of Gaul. Galla Placidia’s rule on behalf of her son ended in 437 AD when Valentinian reached adulthood and married Licinia Eudoxia (his cousin and daughter of the Theodosius II).

Reign

Valentinian remained in the background for much of his reign and it was Aetius who held the Western Empire together with his effective administration. The problems which plagued the Western Roman Empire for many years lingered during Valentinian’s reign and various barbarian tribes took advantage of his weak leadership to wrest large parts of its territories. The Vandals rampaged through Hispania, Sicily, and African province between 409 to 442 AD and took a sizable portion of the Western Roman Empire. To neutralize the invasion and cement an alliance, Aetius proposed that Valentinian’s daughter, Eudocia, be married to Vandal prince Huneric (the son of the great king Gaiseric); this plan, however, did not push through as Huneric was already married to a Visigoth princess. Valerian raised the taxes to support the troops after the loss of a large part of the empire’s territories (the senatorial class and Valerian himself were not exempted from payment).

Attila the Hun

The greatest threat to the empire’s existence, however, came from the large Hunnic force led by the great Hun chieftain Attila. In 449 AD, Attila received a letter from Valentinian’s sister Honoria and with it was her engagement ring for a man she did not want to marry. Attila took this as a marriage proposal and demanded that the emperor partition half of the Western Empire as  Honoria’s dowry. Valentinian was so enraged at his sister that he killed Honoria’s messenger to Attila and only spared his sister after their mother, Galla Placida, pleaded for her life.

Attila needed just a small a reason to invade the Roman territories, and he did so under the pretext of claiming Honoria’s dowry. Aetius’ able leadership stood in the way of Attila’s ambition of conquering much of Roman territories, and he was forced to turn back to his own land after a series of negotiations. He died after he choked on his wedding night and the Hun empire disintegrated after his death.

The Fall of Aetius and the Assassination of Valentinian

In a bid to strengthen his ties with the imperial family, Aetius sought the engagement of his son to Valentinian’s daughter. The suspicious emperor, however, believed Aetius only wanted to eliminate him and declare his son as the new emperor. The ambitious senator Petronius Maximus and Chamberlain Heraclius conspired with Valentinian to assassinate Aetius. This was carried out on September 21, 454 AD. Valentinian was assassinated later on by the Huns, Optila and Thraustila, who sought revenge for their friend Aetius at the instigation of Petronius Maximus. Aetius was so popular with the soldiers that none of them who were present during the assassination prevented it nor helped Valentinian after he was stabbed by Optila. Valentinian III was succeeded by Petronius Maximus as ruler of the Western Roman Empire.

(Probably Written by order of Constantine in 331 AD and preserved in the Monastery at Mt. Sinai. It was later discovered by Tischendorf in 1859)

The Codex Sinaiticus was one of the oldest Bibles in the world and its discovery in the 19th century made it more significant in Biblical history. According to Biblical scholar Constantine von Tischendorf, the Codex Sinaiticus was one of the Bibles commissioned by the Roman emperor Constantine after he converted to Christianity. It was named after the place where it was found, the Monastery of Saint Catherine in the Sinai Peninsula of modern Egypt. The Codex Sinaiticus is recorded on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History in the 7th century AD.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

The Codex Sinaiticus included both the Old and New Testaments which were painstakingly handwritten on four hundred large leaves of parchment (animal skin); each parchment leaf measured 380 mm high and 345 mm wide. It was a period that marked the gradual transition from papyrus roll to the increased use of sheepskin and goatskin parchment to record texts, including the Bible. It contained half of the Septuagint (the Old Testament and Apocrypha), the New Testament, and other Christian texts that were not included in modern Bibles. Missing, however, were the historical books of Genesis up to 1 Chronicles, as well as the Apocryphal texts of Wisdom, Sirach, Tobit, 1 & 4 Maccabees, Judith, and 2 Esdras. The books were also ordered differently from the modern Bible.

Who Wrote Codex Sinaiticus?

According to Tischendorf, as much as four scribes wrote the Codex Sinaiticus on parchment but modern analyses claim that only three scribes worked on this heavily annotated text (this was based on the distinctive handwriting found in the text). Before the texts were written, the scribes first decided on a suitable format to maximize their use of parchment. The texts were written on four columns of each page, except for the poetical books (Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, etc.) which were placed in two columns per page. After the texts were checked, the leaves were assembled and bound together.

Present Location of the Manuscript

The Codex Sinaiticus was found in the Monastery of Saint Catherine, but at present, most of the manuscript can be found in the British Library, which owns 347 leaves. The University Library in Leipzig owns 43 leaves, while the National Library of Russia has fragments of six leaves. The remaining leaves remain in Saint Catherine’s Monastery after they were found in 1975.

Timeline of the Codex Sinaiticus

Fourth Century – Probable date of writing of the Codex in Saint Catherine’s Monastery in Sinai Peninsula. The manuscript was preserved in the monastery for hundreds of years until its discovery in the 19th century.

1761 – Manuscript first mentioned in the journal of naturalist and archaeologist Vitaliano Donati, an Italian guest of the monastery.

Between May 24 and June 1, 1844 – German Biblical scholar Constantine von Tischendorf discovered a manuscript (which would be known later as the Codex Sinaiticus) in the Saint Catherine’s Monastery. He was shown 129 leaves of the Old Testament.

1845 – Constantine von Tischendorf brought 43 leaves of the manuscript to Germany. He named the manuscript Codex Friderico-Augustanus to honor the king of Saxony, Frederick Augustus II. These were later acquired by the University Library in Leipzig where the 43 leaves of the manuscript can still be found.

1845 – The Russian Bishop Porphyrius (Konstantin Aleksandrovich Uspenski) traveled to Mount Sinai and visited the monastery. He examined 347 leaves of the manuscript and obtained fragments of two pages (which he took with him to Russia). These fragments were called Codex Porphyrianus after the Russian bishop and were obtained in 1883 by the Imperial Library of Saint Petersburg.

1853 – Tischendorf’s second visit to the Saint Catherine’s Monastery and he acquired another fragment of the manuscript.

1859 – Final visit of Constantine von Tischendorf to the monastery and this time, he was sponsored by Tsar Alexander II of Russia. Tischendorf requested for the remaining 347 leaves to be transferred to the metochion (embassy church) of the Monastery in Cairo.

February 25, 1859 – All leaves were transferred to Cairo for examination.

September 16 or 28, 1859 – Tischendorf received authorization from the monastery to take the 347 leaves to Russia and compare his earlier work with the original manuscript. The donation of the manuscript had a condition that the leaves would be returned to the monastery anytime it requested.

1862 – Publication of the print facsimile edition by Tischendorf in Russia. The original manuscript was acquired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Saint Petersburg, which they kept for the next seven years.

1869 – Codex Sinaiticus was transferred to the Imperial Library.

1911 – Fragment from the binding of the Codex was identified in the safekeeping of the Society of Ancient Literature in Saint Petersburg.

1933 – Codex Sinaiticus sold to Britain by Joseph Stalin for the sum of 拢100,000 to support his government’s second Five-Year Plan. It arrived in London on 26 Dec 1933 and received by the British Museum on the following day.

January 29, 1934 – Archbishop Porphyrios of Sinai sent a telegram to Britain, which asserted the monastery’s right as the sole owner of the Codex. The Codex Sinaiticus remained at the British Museum after an analysis of the events related to its donation to Tischendorf by the Monastery’s community.

May 26, 1975 – More leaves and fragments of the Codex Sinaiticus found by Skeuophylax Father Sophronios inside a room underneath the Saint George’s Chapel in the Monastery. The eighteen leaves and fragments can be found today at Saint Catherine’s.

Rome was on the brink of collapse when Odoacer, a chieftain of the Scirii, Heruli, and Rugii tribes, rose from obscurity as a one of the many commanders in the Roman army. He is recorded on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History in 493 AD. Odoacer was to become the decayed Western Roman empire’s last ruler. He was the son of Edeco, one of the many commanders who was part of Attila the Hun’s ruthless army until the death of the great warlord. Odoacer was born in the Roman province of Pannonia in 433 or 435 AD. His father died after the Scirii warriors were defeated. Odoacer (who did not take part in the battle) went to Italy and enlisted with the Roman army. His brother Hunoulf went to Constantinople and went on to become the Master of Soldiers in Illyricum. In Italy, Odoacer led soldiers of mixed ethnic identities which consisted of Huns, Gepids, Goths, and other barbarian tribes.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

The Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos was deposed by General Orestes in 475 AD and forced to flee to Dalmatia. Orestes installed his young son, Romulus Agustulus, as the new emperor but it was the general himself who ran the empire. The reign of Romulus Augustulus was short-lived. Father and son were removed from power by Odoacer after Orestes failed to follow-through on his promise to distribute land to the tribal leaders who supported him. Odoacer was declared king by his troops, who then had Orestes killed and had his son exiled to Campania.

This forced Zeno, the Eastern Roman Emperor, to elevate him to the status of patrician. He never acknowledged Odoacer as an equal, but the new Western Roman ruler considered himself a legitimate king and even signed documents with the title “King Odoacer.” Italy was generally peaceful under this new king, and the Christians breathed a collective sigh of relief as the persecutions that hounded them before did not happen during his reign. His greatest accomplishment was the expansion of the Western Roman territory in Dalmatia (present-day Croatia).

The fragile relationship between Zeno and Odoacer was frayed. The Byzantine king encouraged other kings to attack Odoacer whom he still considered a usurper. Theodoric, the king of Ostrogoths and ally of Zeno, launched a series of attacks that were initially unsuccessful. Finally, in 493 AD, a treaty was brokered between the two and they agreed to be co-rulers of Italy. Theodoric invited Odoacer to a banquet, and there, the first barbarian king of Italy was killed by his rival.

Monte Alban became the capital of the mysterious Zapotec civilization during the Classic Period and at its peak (400 AD), it was one of the largest cities in the southern Mexican highlands. It is recorded on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History starting around 100 – 200 AD. The population climaxed around 15,000 people. It was at this time when the state was at its most prosperous, characterized by massive structures built, as well as expansion through political alliances and trade.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

The expansion of the Zapotec influence that started centuries before grew steadily during the early Classic Period, which reached the northern Tehuacan Valley in the Puebla region to the southern coast of the Pacific. Forty stone slabs carved with place names that were conquered by the Zapotecs were found in Building J on Monte Alban’s Main Plaza. While Zapotec-style ceramics were found in settlements beyond the Oaxaca Valley—proof of how wide the influence of Monte Alban was at that time.

The interaction and influences were not a one-way street as the distant central Mexican city of Teotihuacan also influenced the Zapotecs (probably through political alliance). Teotihuacan’s influence on Monte Alban could be seen from the remnants of the talud-tablero style of architecture, I-shaped ball court, distinct funerary paintings, and more sophisticated pottery design that was mixed with the Zapotec style of gray ware ceramics.

The Hopewell Culture flourished during the first millennium AD which is where it is recorded on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History. It was located in the Upper Mississippi region of Ohio. Its influence reached as far as some parts of Wisconsin, Mississippi, Nebraska, Minnesota, Indiana, and Virginia. But its center was found in the Ohio, Scioto, and Miami Valleys of Ohio with ceremonial mounds dotting the landscape where the people once lived.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

The term ‘Hopewell’ does not refer to any particular Native American tribe that lived in the region; instead, it refers to a culture built around the people’s religious and ceremonial cult that made its funerary practices one of its distinct marks. “Hopewell” was also the last name of the family who owned the farm where some of the earthworks were discovered back in the late 1800s.

The Hopewell people lived in small villages around the major waterways and rivers that snake through the Upper Mississippi region. Their homes were simple rectangles with wattle and daub walls and finished with thatched roofs. The Hopewell people did not use the massive mounds found in the area as settlements, but as ceremonial places for the deceased. The simple mounds were built in various geometric shapes (square, circle, rectangle, and octagon). Rectangular or conical mounds were specifically used for cremation and burial. The Hopewell people made a distinction between the common and more important people of their community through the cremation and burial of the leaders and others who were on top of the social ladder. More elaborate burials were reserved for hunters which showed their importance to the Hopewell culture.

The Hopewell people were hunter-gatherers, and they took advantage of the surrounding waterways as another food source. Later, they transitioned to the cultivation of squash, sunflower, maygrass, marsh elder, and other native plants. Their trade networks spanned the Great Lakes area, the Carolinas, and even as far as the Gulf of Mexico. Trade materials recovered from the Hopewell site included copper, mica, and obsidian.

For unknown reasons, the sites were abandoned around 400 AD, which followed the disappearance of the Hopewell culture.

The Mogollon Culture flourished in the valleys, mountains, and plateaus of central Arizona, south and central New Mexico, the western portion of Texas, and into the borders of the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua. This occurred during the 1st century AD according to the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History. The distinctive culture was named after the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico, which in turn was named after the former governor of New Mexico, Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, who governed in 1712 to 1715.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

It was one of the major cultures in the southwestern part of the US, after the ancestral Pueblo and Hohokam cultures. There are several branches of the Mogollon culture which include the Mimbres, Reserve, Jornada, Point of Pines, Forestdale, and the San Simon. They developed from the ancient Cochise and were divided into Early Pithouse, Late Pithouse, and Mogollon Pueblo periods by the leading Mogollon archaeologist Emil Haury.

These ancient people initially were hunter-gatherers, but they switched to farming and the sedentary lifestyle after the arrival of maize (corn), squash, and beans. The Mogollon culture was known for its extensive irrigation system in the area with the use of ditches that they dug and directed to water their fields.

During the Early Pithouse Period, the people built circular or sometimes shapeless pithouses in the highlands which were clustered in small groups in a village. Their ceramics were formed through the coil-and-scrape (or pinch) method and were initially used without paint. These ceramics became more colorful in the Late Pithouse Period; red paint on brown background came first, followed by white-on-red, and then black-on-white pigments. They also shifted their pithouses from the upland area to terraces well beyond the river floodplains. The pithouses now took on a rectangular shape and villages became larger with houses clustered around a larger ceremonial pit called kiva.

The pithouses and the fields were moved down to the valleys of the region during the Mogollon Pueblo Period, and the dwellings resembled the ones constructed by the ancestral Pueblo people. Some time later, the people preferred to carve out cliff dwelling as shown by the Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. The ceramics during this period were painted with a distinct black-on-white pigment which later evolved into many colors.

After Alexander the Great’s death, his empire was promptly divided between various somatophylakes (bodyguards), generals, members of the Macedonia nobility, and his other friends. Among them was Antigonus I Monophtlamus, Alexander’s general, who seized Asia Minor after the scramble to gain control of the territories he left behind. Following an attempt to reunite the empire, he was defeated by an alliance between Cassander, Lysimachus, and Seleucus I Nicator and Antigonus was killed in the Battle of Ipsus. (Macedonia is recorded on the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History during the 2nd century BC.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

Antigonus’ son Demetrius and his grandson Antigonus I Gonatas fled to Macedonia after this defeat. There they established the Antigonid Dynasty. Demetrius was given the title Poliocretes (which means City Sacker) because of his reputation for attacking heavily defended cities. He was defeated by Ptolemy I of Egypt at Gaza, but he took his revenge when he devastated Ptolemy’s fleet at Salamis and liberated Athens from Ptolemy’s ally, Demetrius of Phalerum.

Demetrius extended his campaigns into Greece but failed after he was chased by Agathocles, Lysimachus’ son, into Cilicia. He surrendered to Seleucus I Nicator in Syria and there he died in captivity while his son Antigonus II Gonatas was forced to fight hard against other claimants for the throne of Macedonia. He briefly lost control of Macedonia to his rivals but retook it after an invasion of the Gauls when he cooperated with the Aetolians. He was known as a brilliant politician and Macedonia briefly achieved stability during his reign.

During the height of Macedonian power under Philip II and Alexander the Great, Macedonia wielded great control of a vast empire made up of different kingdoms and city-states. This was a great contrast during the time of the Antigonids when they ruled only the people of Macedonia with a few Thracians, Illyrians, and other minorities that made up its kingdom. Meanwhile, the Illyrians and Dardanians who frequently raided the kingdom from the north continued to be a source of problems for the Macedonians.

Demetrius II Aetolicus succeeded Demetrius the Fair (who briefly reigned as king before he was killed by his own wife) and saved Macedonia by defeating Alexander II of Epirus. He fought and defeated both the Greek Aetolian League and Achaean League during his reign, as well as fought the invasion of the Dardanians from the north. Demetrius died in battle and left his son Philip V as heir.

As Philip was still a child when his father died, the Macedonian nobility turned to his half-cousin Antigonus III Doson as a temporary ruler. He fought against and defeated the Dardanian tribes as well as the forces of Thessaly. He was considered a good leader with superior diplomatic and military skills but his reign was cut short when he died while fighting the Illyrians.

Philip V was 17-years old when he became king after the death of Antigonus III Doson, but he was successful in finally defeating the Dardanians. He became an ally of the Carthaginian general Hannibal and invaded Illyria (a Roman client state) during the Second Punic War. There was no decisive victory for both sides, and the war ended with the Treaty of Phoenice. Philip also went to war against Rhodes and Egypt but was defeated by an alliance between Rhodes and Pergamum. These conquests alarmed Rome and caused the Second Macedonian War which resulted in Philip’s defeat at Cynoscephalus in Thessaly. A younger son named Perseus became king of Macedonia after Philip had his elder son executed because of a conspiracy. Perseus was the last king of the Antigonid dynasty after he was defeated in the Battle of Pydna against Roman troops. He was taken as a captive to Rome and this defeat signaled the end of the Macedonian dominance in the region. Macedonia would lose its independence, and it became a Roman province soon after.

Etched on the dry grounds of the Pampa de Nazca in the southern Peruvian plain thousands of years ago, the Nazca lines continue to be a source of fascination for scholars and tourists alike. According to the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History, they are dated back to 200 BC. These lines were known to the local people for many years but research about how and why these lines were made only started in the late 1920s after commercial flights started to pass the Peruvian airspace.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

Simple Lines and Geoglyphs

The area covers a total of 220 sq km and bounded by the Ingenio River on the north and the Nazca River on the southern portion. The foothills of the Andean mountain range rise on the eastern portion while the wide expanse of the Pacific bounds the plain on the west. The Nazca people, who lived thousands of years ago in this desert, removed the top portion of the rocky ground and exposed the lighter sand underneath it. They carved more than just straight lines on the ground. Geometric shapes and figures of plants, as well as animals, can be seen from above.

The straight lines radiate from a common connecting point—a hill, usually—and lead to oases on the plain. These lines outnumber the geometric shapes (geoglyphs) with one of the longest measured up to 20 km. Around 300 geoglyphs were etched on the desert and follow the straight lines when it comes to numbers. These geometric shapes include trapezoids, rectangles, and triangles, as well as concentric rays and spirals. Some of the biggest geometric shapes reached as far as to 1300 feet by 130 feet.

Fascinating plant and animal forms (biomorphs) were etched on the dry plain. A fish, a dog, and a spider, as well as a number of birds, were among the animals carved on the ground. The species of birds include a hummingbird, a condor, and a frigatebird which can be clearly seen from above. A killer whale and a monkey (only found in the Peruvian Amazon) were also among those etched on this vast plain.

Mysterious Origins

No one knows exactly why the Nazca people made these lines and geoglyphs. For Maria Reiche, the German-born archeologist, the Nazca lines were observatories for constellations that marked the time for the ancient people to sow and harvest. Although this explanation fell out of use in recent years, Maria Reiche is still honored in Peru for her efforts in the research and preservation of the Nazca lines.

Professor and explorer Johan Reinhard, also offered another explanation for the purpose of the Nazca lines. He suggested that the lines were used for fertility and agricultural rituals as shown by the symbolism of the animal figures that were carved on the ground. For example, the hummingbird, spider, and monkey were all connected to fertility and rain for the ancient Nazca. Other explanations for its purpose include its uses to indicate underground water sources, an astronomical calendar, a place for ancient Nazca rituals, and an alien landing strip.

The severe lack of rain and wind helped preserve the Nazca lines. Maria Reiche did much to publicize these geological wonders and helped preserve them by hiring guards through profits from her book The Mystery of the Desert first published in 1949. Today, squatters, tourists, and floods pose a greater threat to the preservation of Peru’s ancient heritage than the sun and heat.

The Mi’kmaq tribe settled in what is now the Gaspé Peninsula and Maritime Provinces (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick) of Canada. Their development of script writing occurred around the end 0f 100 BC according to the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History. The people were primarily hunter-gatherers and the Atlantic provided them with an abundant supply of fish, shellfish, and sea mammals as additional food. Explorer John Cabot docked on the shores of eastern Canada in 1497 and traded with the local Mi’kmaq tribes.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

French and Scottish settlers arrived in Nova Scotia in the early part of the 17th century but the local Mi’kmaq population remained an important part of the Nova Scotia community. Chrétien Le Clercq, a Franciscan friar was sent as a missionary to Quebec, saw Mi’kmaq children carve glyphs on birchbark when he taught them the Lord’s Prayer. Whether it was an ancient form of writing or a system to help them memorize (as Le Clercq had suggested), the friar would later use the writing system with a figure to represent each line of the Lord’s Prayer. This writing system would later spread to other Indian tribes. It is still used by the Mi’kmaq people today.

The Ptolemies, who originally came from Macedonia, were some of the most intriguing families in history. Their reign lasted from 323 BC to 30 BC according to the Biblical Timeline Poster with World History. The first Ptolemy came to power after the death of Alexander the Great in Babylonia. His generals, including Ptolemy, divided the empire between each other. He became the sole ruler of Egypt after the death of Alexander’s general Perdiccas.

These Articles are Written by the Publishers of The Amazing Bible Timeline
Quickly See 6000 Years of Bible and World History Together

Unique Circular Format – see more in less space.
Learn facts that you can’t learn just from reading the Bible
Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church …

Limited Time Offer! Find out more now! >

This was not the first time Egypt was under foreign rule, but all the previous foreign rulers were challenged and successfully driven out of the land. To boost his claim on the Egyptian throne, Ptolemy asserted that his father was Ptolemy (Alexander the Great’s father) as his mother was pregnant by the time she was given in marriage to Lagus. This meant that he was Alexander’s brother and that he came from Macedonian royalty. Ptolemy also took advantage of the native Egyptian’s belief that kings were also gods. He claimed that he descended from Zeus, Heracles, and Dionysius.

The Ptolemies followed Egyptian royal tradition and married their own siblings which started when Ptolemy II married his sister Arsinoe II. This marriage had two goals: to ensure her loyalty to the king and control her possessions she inherited from the dead King Lysimachus. This tradition continued until the reign of the last Ptolemaic ruler. The Ptolemies also married other women, so the court ran out of intrigue.

Alexandria became the new capital of Egypt during the rule of the Ptolemies. It was a city of great wealth, and it rivaled other Hellenistic capitals of the ancient world in splendor. It contained the remains of Alexander the Great. And the construction of the lighthouse of Alexandria on the island of Pharos made the city one of the major trading ports of the Mediterranean.

What made it one of the greatest cities in the ancient world was its Mouseion (Museum) which also contained the Great Library of Alexandria, the center for scientific research and scholarship in the Mediterranean. It also helped that Alexandria was a center for agricultural and precious commodities of trade, so it became a hub for the exchange of ideas and cultures. But its culture remained Greco-Macedonian.

The Ptolemies owned much of the land, and they divided the lands between the temple, soldiers, and other people in service of the king. The land was controlled by the government which strictly kept track of the revenues reaped from the agriculture. The Egyptians were given freedom by the Ptolemies to worship their own gods, and they even built temples to honor native Egyptian gods.

Ptolemaic Egypt was in a slow decline by the time of the rise of the Roman Empire. Conflicts within their own family threatened their rule over Egypt. This situation was made worse by the violent tendencies of the Alexandrian mob. Some of those lynched by the mob were Agathocles and his family because of the murder of Arsinoe III. As well as Ptolemy XI for the murder of his wife, Berenice. The Alexandrian mob was so powerful that even the Ptolemies were afraid of it.

As internal conflicts slowly destroyed Ptolemaic Egypt, it did not help that the government was weakened by corrupt local officials and military. The native Egyptians resented the advantages of the Greeks and Macedonians who ruled over them. There was widespread famine and inflation, so revolts led by native Egyptians were common during the rule of the Ptolemies.

Rome played a large part in Egyptian politics during its decline. It reached its peak during the conflict between the last Ptolemaic rulers: Cleopatra VII and her brothers. It did not help that by 167 BC Macedonia lost its independence to Rome. This was followed by Pergamon when its king died without an heir. The Seleucid empire of Asia was also on the verge of collapse. Large chunks of its land were added to Rome as provinces. Ptolemaic Egypt soon lost the territories of Cyrenaica and Cyprus and the Ptolemies were replaced by the Romans starting with Octavian (Augustus).