Category: Bible Timeline Poster

The Late Classic Period of the Maya Civilization started around 600 AD according to the Bible Timeline Poster with World History. This was after the magnificent city of El Mirador was abandoned. Most of the major Maya cities rose during the Late Classic Period, which included Chichen Itza, Palenque, Tikal, Copan, Uxmal, El Tajin, and Yaxchilan. Hundreds of ceremonial centers were established during this time, particularly in the lowland Maya regions of Guatemala and Mexico. The cities were ruled by their own independent kings who gained alliances and formed enemies but were never unified under a single ruler.

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The population of the Maya people grew, and they occupied an area of around 324,000 sq km. This spanned from Mexico in the north to the borders of El Salvador and Honduras in the southern portion. They were generally prosperous at the height of the Late Classic Period, but with prosperity came the competition for resources and regional dominance. Tikal, the great Maya city that was deep in the Guatemalan rainforest, was the dominating force in the past. It was an ally of the central Mexican metropolis of Teotihuacan. Under its influence, the city of Tikal reached its peak and dominated the other Maya cities of Uaxacton, Caracol, and Calakmul. K’uk Balam I founded a ruling dynasty in the city of Palenque. This city rose to dominate the Maya lowland region in the Late Classic Period under Janaab’ Pakal I. Hasaw Chan K’awil briefly revived Tikal, but it finally fell to Caracol and its ally Calakmul in the Late Classic Period. By 900 AD, Tikal was completely abandoned.

K’uk Balam I founded a ruling dynasty in the city of Palenque and this city rose to dominate the Maya lowland region in the Late Classic Period under Janaab’ Pakal I. Hasaw Chan K’awil briefly revived Tikal, but it finally fell to Caracol and its ally Calakmul. By 900 AD, Tikal was completely abandoned.

Maya art reached its height. Depictions and records in hieroglyphic texts about warfare and conquest were the main theme. These were commonly carved or painted on steles, architectural decorations, ceramics, and jewelry. The Maya ball game Pok-a-Tok was also developed around this period.

The central Mexican city of Teotihuacan came a long way from a small settlement in the Valley of Mexico to a mega-city that rivaled Rome as well as the Han capitals of Chang’an and Luoyang. Teotihuacan reached its peak in 450 BC according to the Bible Timeline Poster with World History. At its height, it was one of the largest New World cities with a population that ranged anywhere between 75,000 and 200,000 people and encompassed an area of 20 to 30 sq km.

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Teotihuacan was a cosmopolitan city, often visited by pilgrims who worshiped at its famed ceremonial centers and merchants for trade. The rich soil of the Valley of Mexico allowed the people to cultivate crops that sustained the large population in the city and the villages that surrounded it; while obsidian, a volcanic glass used in rituals or weaponry was a precious commodity in the long-distance trade between Teotihuacan and other Mesoamerican cities.

The political, military, and trade influence of Teotihuacan at its peak spanned from the city to the Oaxaca highlands to the Maya lowland and highland regions in Mexico and Guatemala. Traces of Teotihuacan’s power were found in the city of Tikal located deep in the Guatemalan lowlands as well as the Maya highland city of Kaminaljuyu. It also influenced the Zapotec capital of Monte Alban. The Maya cities were probably controlled by Teotihuacan’s elite through the pochteca, long-distance traders who were sometimes deployed as spies for their wide knowledge about the cities they visited.

Zealous, brutal, and loyal to his religious heritage—this was how the book of Acts introduced the man called Saul of Tarsus who quietly approved of and watched the death of Christianity’s first martyr, Stephen. The death of Stephen and the persecution that followed was a blow to the community of believers and it pushed many others to leave Jerusalem for the surrounding towns. Saul, meanwhile, started the search for the members of this new movement with the intent of imprisoning them. The conversion of Saul is recorded on the Bible Timeline Poster around 34 AD.

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Christianity continued to spread despite the threats of imprisonment and death the believers were subjected to. The Way (as it was then called) had reached beyond Jerusalem into Samaria, the Palestinian cities of Gaza and Ascalon, as well as the coastal city of Caesarea (Acts 8). By the time Saul intensified his efforts in the persecution, the word about Jesus Christ had spread to the Syrian city of Damascus. He asked the high priest for an authorization letter to the synagogue in Damascus so he could bring back the new converts to Jerusalem as prisoners.

As he neared the city of Damascus, a blinding light from heaven flashed around him and Saul fell to the ground. A voice called out his name and asked why he had persecuted him, which Saul answered with another question, “Who are you, Lord?” To his amazement, it was Jesus himself who called out to Saul and surprisingly, he was told to continue to Damascus where he would be told what to do next. He rose as a blind man after this encounter. He had to be led to the city by his companions. For three days, Saul did not eat nor drink, and he languished in the city—blind and helpless.

A man who lived in another part of Damascus was commanded by the Lord to go to Judas’ house on Straight Street, look for a blind man called Saul, and place his hands on the afflicted to restore his sight. The man was Ananias, and he was understandably hesitant; Saul of Tarsus was known as a man who was unflinching in his goal of stamping out the new followers of Christ. Ananias knew this. So why would Jesus send him now to his own “executioner”?

But the Lord told Ananias to go just the same as Saul would be the instrument with which the name of Jesus would be known by the “Gentiles and their kings and before the people of Israel.” (Acts 9:15) Ananias obeyed the Lord and went to the house on Straight Street to minister to a former enemy. Saul’s eyesight was restored after “something like scales fell from his eyes.” Now that he was whole again, Saul chose to be baptized and regained his strength for several days before he set off to the synagogue—not on a quest to purge the followers of Christ, but to preach about Jesus of Nazareth.

Hidden deep within the lush rain forest of the department of Petén in Guatemala lies a once-magnificent city called El Mirador. The name means “The Lookout” in Spanish because of the center’s tall pyramids. According to the Bible Timeline Poster with World History, El Mirador began before the 1st century AD. It was located in the Maya heartland in the Mirador Basin right next to the Mexico-Guatemala border. Because of the thick rain forest that covers the city and the remoteness of the site, it was not until the last decade that El Mirador was fully explored, excavated, and studied. Although it was first discovered in 1926.

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Cradle of Maya Civilization

The area was first occupied in the Late Preclassic Period and settlements were present well into the Late Classic Period, with a population that reached up to 100,000 during its height. During the peak of the city’s power, some of the largest, tallest, and oldest pyramids were built in El Mirador by the rulers from the Snake (Kan) Dynasty. It became a center for ritual and pilgrimage. Linked to it were surrounding cities by several limestone causeways called sacbe’ob or sacbe. The longest causeway was found between El Mirador and Tintal, which stretched up to 40 km and is still visible today via satellite.

El Mirador was the center for trade in the region as artifacts made of jade, obsidian, granite, quartzite, and ceramics from other areas were found in the city. The jade came from the central Guatemalan region of Rio Motagua, obsidian from the San Martin Jilotepeque and El Chayal regions, shells from the coasts of the Caribbean and the Pacific, and ceramics from the highlands. El Mirador was also a source of a large number of Codex-style ceramics which were named because of their similarities with Maya codices (books) of mythology and history, particularly the Popol Vuh.

The people of El Mirador constructed some of the tallest and most spectacular stepped pyramids in the world including the one called La Danta (Tapir). It stands up to 236 feet high with a base that is larger than the Central Acropolis of Tikal; the pyramid is such a massive structure that only the top portion has been recently revealed through excavation. Other structures in El Mirador include the triadic pyramid El Tigre, Los Monos pyramid, large temples, ball courts, and plazas.

Decline

El Mirador’s position in the middle of the rain forest enabled the city to have a better water supply than other Maya cities in the region. (A pool with carved depictions of the Maya creation myth Popol Vuh was recently excavated in the site.) It was located near a long cliff which made it easy to defend in case of invasion. But it was abandoned suddenly in the Late Preclassic Period because of a scarcity of the food sources and massive deforestation done by the Maya which resulted in poor soil. Obsidian spear points were recovered on top of the El Tigre pyramid, so warfare possibly caused the abrupt disappearance of the Maya from El Mirador.

Calendars of Romulus and Numa

The calendar of Romulus was the first one developed by the Romans. It was later “improved” by the Roman king Numa Pompilius.  A reformation of the Calendar was then started around 79 BC according to the Bible Timeline Poster with World History. The first one, the calendar of Romulus, only had 304 days divided into ten months and the year started on the first day of March. It was the Roman king Numa who introduced February and January (in that order) between December and March so instead of 304 days, the calendar now had 354 or 355 days. They later decided to move February to its current position.

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But this calendar stilled lacked some days, so an Intercalary month called Mercedonius, was added to make up for it. They tried but this new calendar was messy and the total number of days in a year varied; they sometimes had a couple of years with days that went up to 378 within an eight-year period so the Romans dropped the seven days to yield the more accurate 365.375 days.

The Romans faced issues with this calendar. Its complicated format involved much guesswork and the pontiffs who were in charge of it were sometimes bribed to manipulate the months to shorten or lengthen the term of some government officials. Leap years were also eliminated because they were considered unlucky.

The Julian Calendar

To remedy this dilemma, Julius Caesar, decided to reform the earlier lunar calendars and based it entirely on the time it takes for the earth to revolve around the sun. He was assisted by Greek astronomer Sosigenes who, at that time, lived in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. This improvement was initiated by Caesar in 45 BC which he aptly called the “last year of confusion” because it had a total of 445 days. 1 January 46 heralded the start of a new and reformed calendar year. Julius Caesar also changed the name of the seventh month after him, hence the month of July.

The new year had a total of 365 1/4 or 365.25 days with one leap year every four years to keep it from falling behind. Not to be outdone, Augustus named the eighth month after himself and added one day in August (subtracting from February) because he did not want Julius Caesar’s month of July to have more days than his own. To adjust the number of days, he decided to reduce September and November to 30 days and added another day to October and December to turn them into a total of 31 days.

An error of one day still occurred every 128 years even after all the reforms; the Julian calendar also became confusing as the years passed and as new holidays were added (especially Easter). The Julian calendar would remain to be in use for thousands of years until the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582 AD.

Richard Wetherill, a rancher from Colorado, was credited as the one who discovered the magnificent Cliff Palace in Mesa Verda. It would be followed by the discovery of Keet Seel and other such dwellings which sparked the world’s interest in the ancient people who abandoned these communities. It was also Wetherill who gave them the name Anasazi after the Navajo word anaasa’zi, which means “enemy ancestors.” Their descendants such as the modern Hopi, Acoma, Piro, Zia, and Zuni peoples prefer to use the term “Ancient Pueblo” because of the negative feelings the Navajo word “Anasazi” invokes and they use the name for their ancestors in their own languages. The Anasazi basketmaking age began towards the end of 200 BC according to the Bible Timeline Poster with With World History.

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The Ancestral Pueblo lived in the Four Corners region of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah for thousands of years before their abrupt disappearance from the area. The oldest cultural stages of the Ancestral Pueblo were divided into Basketmaker II and Basketmaker III periods which came from a large amount of intricate baskets woven from yucca plant fibers that were recovered from the archeological sites.

There were two proposed origins of the Ancient Pueblo: first was the in situ model which meant that they descended directly from the original occupants of the area while the second was that they migrated from the Mogollon Rim of Arizona as shown by the similarities between Basketmaker II and the San Pedro phase of the Cochise Tradition.

The Ancestral Pueblo were hunter-gatherers during the early part of the Basketmaker period, but maize and squash were cultivated soon afterward. Corn is a heat-tolerant crop which made it perfect for farming in an arid land, and it was widely cultivated during the Basketmaker period. They used dryland farming techniques such as the use of pumice stones to conserve water, as well as the construction of check dams, waffle gardens, and terracing, to effectively use what little water they had.

Flint projectile points were used to hunt game and the intricate baskets (of which they were famous for) were used to store food. They dug circular pithouses in the open fields or in the shelter of the cliffs with logs and rocks stacked on top of another for the foundation. They placed firepits at the center of the pithouses with an opening on the roof which they used for cooking and for warmth.

Some of the artifacts recovered from the Ancient Pueblo sites during this period were shell jewelry, sandals, robes and blankets made from fur and feathers, woven bags from yucca fibers, manos and metates (hand tools used for grinding corn), and stone weapons. The use of ceramics and house improvement would not come until the Basketmaker III period.

The ruins of the ancient city of Cerros lies on the outskirts of the Maya heartland on the coast of Belize. This once great center was built on a peninsula that juts out into the Chetumal Bay. The lush rainforests on the western part of what is now modern Belize and Guatemala, as well as the rich Caribbean Sea allowed the Maya people to flourish in this coastal area during the Late Preclassic Period (400 BC-100 AD). The rise of the Maya City of Cerros in Belize occurred in 50 BC according to the Bible Timeline Chart with World History.

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The people of Cerros were part of the Eastern Lowland Mayas, who mostly lived in Belize and some parts of Guatemala. Ancient Cerros started out as a small village in the Preclassic Period and evolved into a large coastal urban center during the Late Preclassic Period. El Mirador in Peten, Guatemala rose at the same time as Cerros, but it was considered larger than its counterpart in the coast of Belize.

The position of Cerros between the coast and jungles of Belize made it one of the most important Maya sites. The rich land allowed agriculture to flourish while its nearness to the coast made it ideal for trading and fishing. The Mayas of Cerros built a canal that encircled their fields, ball courts, houses, and shrines to ensure the proper irrigation of the whole city. Temples and palaces were built on the northern tip of the peninsula with houses for the common people beyond these structures. Priests also served as rulers of this city as seen on the iconography of stucco masks of the sun god at a temple’s summit.

Several temples were built by Cerros kings when the city was at its height. One of the most important (and spectacular) was Structure 5C. This temple featured masks of the mythical Hero Twins in the Popol Vuh, which were identified by Maya epigrapher Linda Schele and anthropology professor David Freidel.

The Mayas abandoned Cerros during the last years of the Late Preclassic Period. The reasons for this exodus from Cerros is still unknown. It became a small village later on until it was vacated by the Maya people forever.

The earliest remains found of humans that settled in the Americas came from a cave called On Your Knees located in Alaska. The DNA sample extracted from a human tooth in that cave proved that the genetic mutations were similar to the people from parts of northeast Asia and Japan. This indicated that people from Asia crossed over through the Bering Straight to the Americas. According to the Bible Timeline Poster with World History, the Haida and Kwakiutl Tribes that descended from these people began to thrive in Northwest America after 200 BC.

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The Haida people today live in Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands) on the Pacific coast of Canada, as well as Prince of Wales Island in Alaska. The Kwakiutl people, meanwhile, now live in the coastal areas between Vancouver Island and mainland British Columbia.

Many of the migrant peoples continued southward to the Pacific coast of the United States. They continued on until they reached Central and South America; this explains why the living Haida people share a close genetic link to the Chumash people of California, the Yaghan people of Tierra Del Fuego in Chile, and the Cayapa (Chachi) people of Ecuador.

The people of Haida Gwaii hunted around the island for food and fished around the Hecate Strait. The Haida also harvested the abundant shellfish. This stability of food allowed them to establish settlements on the island as well as devote time for arts. They were also able to improve the design of their canoes which they cleverly used to navigate the Hecate Strait in search of food and to raid the mainland tribes.

The Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka’wakw) was another group of people that settled in the coastal areas of British Columbia. The men engaged in hunting while the women gathered additional food. But their main source of food was the bountiful sea where they fished, gathered shellfish, and hunted for marine mammals.

Much of what is known about Phoenicia under Persia come from the Greek historians Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus. According to Herodotus, Phoenicia formed a part of Persia’s Fifth Satrapy, which included Cyprus, Palestine, and Syria. This event is listed on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History at 483 BC. It was the Eber-Nari district in the book Ezra (5:3), and this portion of the Near East was inherited by the Persians from the Neo-Babylonian empire.

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Phoenicia was Persia’s ally and vassal during the reign of the Cyrus the Great. It seemed that Cyrus saw a campaign in the Levant was unnecessary. It was too far from his capital of Susa and he was busy with wars against Persia’s neighbors during the first years of his reign. He did not send Persian troops nor governors into the area but the citizens of the Fifth Satrapy needed to pay tribute to him. According to the Bible, Cyrus’ most important act was to set the Jews free from Babylonian captivity and allow them to rebuild the city of Jerusalem.

Phoenicia and Persia both benefited from this alliance. This friendly relationship between the two continued to the reign of Cambyses. Persia did not have a navy at that time, so Phoenicia provided the ships the Empire needed. Cambyses conquered Egypt with the help of the Phoenician ships and planned to attack Carthage, but the Phoenicians refused to help Cambyses with this campaign as Carthage was a Phoenician colony. Cambyses was not willing to continue without the help of the Phoenician navy so he ended this conquest.

Wars between Persia and Greece were frequent during the reign of later Persian kings, but the Persians could always count on the Phoenician navy to help them. Xerxes I launched an attack against the Greek army. In the Battle of Salamis, the Phoenicians engineered a floating bridge across the Hellespont (Dardanelles) so the whole Persian army could march to mainland Greece.

The Battle of Salamis did not go well for the Persians, and the Phoenicians were blamed by Xerxes for the defeat. He beheaded some Phoenician captains, so the rest abandoned him and sailed back to their own land. For the next 15 years, they did not take part in any Persian campaigns. However, in 465 BC the Phoenicians once again supported the Persians against the Greeks. They continued to support Persia until the empire’s decline.

In 366 BC, the Persian Empire was on the verge of decline when Phoenicia rebelled along with the Anatolian provinces/satrapies by refusing to pay tribute. Egypt also seized the chance to rebel against Persian rule, but both rebellions failed. In 351 BC, the Phoenicians once again declared their independence from Persia, this was led by Tennes, the king of Sidon. Many Persians who lived in Sidon and Tyre were either killed or driven off from the Phoenician cities. This angered Artaxerxes III (Ochus), and he raised his army to attack Phoenicia.

The Phoenician king stopped the rebellion when he saw the powerful Persian army, and he was killed later by Artaxerxes for leading the revolt. The Phoenicians were disappointed with the result of the rebellion, but they continued with their trade and domination in the Mediterranean.

The Olmec people lived in the regions of Veracruz and Tabasco along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico between 1200 to 400 BC. The collapse of the Olmec civilization is recorded on the Bible Timeline Poster with World History at 300 BC. San Lorenzo was the first center of this civilization, but it was abandoned many years later for La Venta and finally, for Tres Zapotes.

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The cause of the collapse of the Olmec civilization had not been determined, but there were several theories why the people and their culture disappeared. One of the reasons why this great Mesoamerican culture disappeared was the rise of the Maya cacao trade in 800 BC. This diverted the routes that brought the prized cacao into the Olmec-dominated area.

Internal problems, such as rebellion of the people, or the overthrow of a ruler, and warfare with neighboring peoples were also possible reasons for their decline. Because of this, the monuments in Olmec centers in San Lorenzo and La Venta were defaced and buried. The buildings in these sites were also destroyed.

The region experienced big changes in the environment at the time of the collapse. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions caused rivers to shift. These movements deprived the people of water supplies they needed for their farms. The Central Valley of Mexico experienced many volcanic activities between 500 BC to 250 BC, and an Olmec citadel was also destroyed. The areas where the Olmecs lived were covered with lava flow after the eruption, so they fled the area and never returned.