During the reign of King Jeroboam II (793-753 BC), a Northern Kingdom prophet named Jonah was called by God to “announce the Lord’s judgment” (Jonah 1:1-2) to the Assyrians. God commanded him to go to Assyria’s capital, the city of Nineveh to preach against its wickedness and convince the people to repent. The heart of the Assyrian empire was located around 500 miles northeast of Gath-Hepher, Jonah’s hometown in the Galilean region. (For a better picture of Bible events and location, refer to the Holy Land Map in conjunction with this article.)
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It was clear from the start that Jonah was unwilling to go to Nineveh because the Bible did not mince words with his response to God’s command: he ran away from the Lord and headed for Tarshish (Jonah 1:3). Jonah was understandably resentful about preaching repentance to the Assyrians, so he headed to the port city of Joppa to catch a ship bound for Tarshish. Joppa (modern Jaffa) was a harbor city located far west of Jonah’s village of Gath-Hepher. While the modern location of the famed city of Tarshish is still being disputed (according to the Septuagint and Vulgate translations of the Bible, Tarshish was another name for the city of Carthage while historian Flavius Josephus asserted that it was the Anatolian city of Tarsus).
There is a modern argument, however, that Jonah did not go directly to the port city of Joppa so that he could escape from the presence of God. It was said that he travelled to the city of Joppa to put himself out of God’s reach—which made sense only if God’s power was limited by location (Joppa was a Philistine territory at that time). Perhaps Jonah took the attempt to escape one step further by passing through at least four to five ports to shake off God’s presence. Clever or not, Jonah sent a clear message to God that there was no way he would willingly go to Nineveh.
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This theory, however, is not without its issues. First, Jonah’s hometown of Gath-Hepher was located in the Northern Kingdom. The only significant ports that lay between the town of Gath-Hepher and the Philistine port in Joppa were Acco (modern Acre) to the northwest and Dor to the west. If Jonah, however, was based in Samaria (and not in his hometown) during the reign of King Jeroboam II, there were no other ports of considerable size and importance near the capital for one of the most famous escapees in history to take refuge in except for Joppa.
God’s omniscience and omnipresence also hindered the theory that Jonah passed through at least four to five ports to shake off His presence. The Lord was with Abraham as he travelled from Harran down to Canaan and Egypt—all of which were pagan cities. He was also with Jacob when he came back to Upper Mesopotamia after he tricked Isaac to give away his brother Esau’s blessings. God’s presence was also felt during the Israelite’s struggle in Egypt, Daniel’s captivity in Babylon (although this would come much later than Jonah’s adventure), and many other instances in the Bible when location (even the schemes of men) simply did not present a problem for God to show his power. God also heard and answered Jonah’s prayer while he sat inside the belly of the fish after it swallowed him (he was eventually vomited on dry land).
Whether he passed through a number of ports on the way to Joppa or not, the book of Jonah continues to fascinate readers thousands of years after it was written. There are lessons that his story offers to its readers, although people will probably never know the truth about this detail on his journey. Two things are for sure: God extended His mercy even to the merciless and men could never thwart the plans of God.
May, Herbert G., G. N. S. Hunt, R. W. Hamilton, and John Day. Oxford Bible Atlas. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Singer, Isidore, and M. Seligsohn. “JewishEncyclopedia.com.” TARSHISH -. Accessed June 29, 2016. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14254-tarshish.
If Joppa is on the east side of the Mediterranean sea, and Nineveh on the Tigris river, how did the “fish” travel there? Was the great fish hyper-space to that location?
Jonah boarded the ship in Joppa and started out on a voyage west. When the storm arose and Jonah subsequently was thrown overboard and swallowed by the great fish, the ship might not have been very far along in its journey. In any event, three days later the great fish spit Jonah up on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea (the Great Sea). God repeated His commandment to Jonah. This time Jonah obeyed and started out on the journey that God desired of him…walking to Nineveh to preach to the city.
Unfortunately, the Bible is silent on how Jonah got to Nineveh, after the great fish puked him out. If you assume things not evidenced, he made the trip by two sandal power, four cloven hooves, or two (or four) wheels, at the mercy of one (or more) of the local inhabitants. The extreme NE portion of the Mediterranean Sea is about 200 miles from Nineveh. Walking would have taken him about a week, assuming he walked 30 miles a day.
This was an act of God with Whom nothing is impossible. The fish swam through the Mediterranean Sea, round the Cape; (present day South Africa) up the gulf and up the Tigris River to Ninieve.
You must assume it took him back to Joppa. There is no time line given to the entire ordeal.
Here is an interesting fact God revealed to me leading through research. Tarshish was in Spain on the far western end of the Mediterranean. Joppa was about 150-200 miles from Jerusalem, which is about another 500 miles to Nineveh.
The fin whale can travel at 23mph. Multiply that 23mph by 72 hours (3 days and 3 nights) and you get 1656 miles. If the whale swam constantly at that speed the Jonah came within a very short distance of reaching Spain before interception. His journey took WEEKS considering the 200 mile trek to Joppa, the 1600 mile boat ride, the 3 days aboard the whale, then the 700-800 miles on land to get to Nineveh. A days journey under the law was only 20-25 miles a day, with a much shortened distance on the sabbath. Do the math. Phew!
Also, assuming that God did teleport the whale, let’s not forget about the instance with Phillip and the Eunuch. He disappeared and was found again at Azotas. Jesus appeared in the middle of the room with the disciples when their door had been shut and locked. With God, all things are possible.
Joppa is not 150-200 miles from Jerusalem. It’s more like 35 miles…
The fish regurgitated Jonah more or less at his starting point.
Jonah then did as he was told and made his way to Nineveh
Exactly right. Two calls from יהוה and two different journeys by Yonah. Though I don’t think he walked from Gath-Hepher to Niniveh, it being approx 500miles away. He likely joined some of the caravans crisscrossing the distances between the East and West of his day. Likely more than one. Until he got to Niniveh and decided to walk a day’s journey into it to start proclaiming the message of יהוה to its inhabitants.
This is a good enough explanation for any sane man.
The Bible says that, “Jonah rose up to flee from the presence of the Lord, and went down to Joppa…” It doesn’t say anything about him stopping off at any other ports along the way. Therefore, unless some historian uncovers a piece of wood in any of the other ports saying, “Jonah stopped here,” it can be safely assumed that Joppa was Jonah’s one and only destination.
The truth is that no one can thawrt God plan
Here’s Jonah, one of God’s children, a Hebrew who feared the Lord; the Creator God. And he finds himself in this near-death situation (a near-death situation orchestrated by his God). He somehow escaped being bitten in two, or chews into pieces, by this creature; then finds himself stuffed into absolute blackness, the stench revolting, the noises terrifying. Any air available would be heavy, wet, and even toxic (methane). How often do we Christians today find ourselves stuck in such a frightening, or stinking, dark, even near-death situations, and give all the credit to the enemy? We waste our time “rebuking the enemy,” while God is trying to love on us, teach us, use us.
Amen!
There is a time and place to rebuke the enemy but this was not it. The devil was not the cause of his problem. Discernment should enable us to know when to rebuke the enemy and when to recognize God’s purpose.
Very informative
I have thought about this and how a fish could have managed to travel to Nineveh from the Mediterranean. Jonah was on a ship bound for Tarshish, (which is a term for ships travelling to the outer limits or beyond the Mediterranean…Spain and points beyond), After he was thrown overboard around the Aegean Sea, he could have travelled up through the Bosporus, up through the Black Sea and down various rivers and channels to the Tigris. Remember, the topography and waterways were vastly different in the 8th c, BC than they are today. With Divine Providence guiding it, it would have certainly been possible.
But for those who subscribe to the idea that Jonah was spit upon the shore on the Mediterranean and he then walked those hundreds of miles to Ninveh, sorry, I do not really buy that. What would be the point? What would have inspired the Assyrians to repent in the first place if they did not witness this event?. Some stranger comes into town and starts yelling (like these guys with the cardboard signs today), “Repent…the end is near”., what do you think the Assyrians would have done?. Likely ran him out of town at the very least. if not flayed him alive. What would cause them to repent?. Something miraculous in their minds.
The ancient Assyrians worshipped many gods, but one of the more important was Oannes…the fish god. And Adad, god of storms. What more would bring them to repentance than seeing a man spit upon the shore by a huge fish…the god Oannes?. How the fish got to Nineveh is a matter of debate, but the fact remains that the Assyrians, somewhere and somehow, had to have witnessed something extraordinary to bring them to repentance. I think this is what happened. They had to see something incredible to bring them to this point. People do not just up and repent on a national level unless something extraordinary causes them to do so.
God needed the Assyrians. He was going to use them a few decades later when He had the Northern Kingdom of Israel hauled off into captivity. Under David, back when Israel was a “superpower” and before the kingdom was split, Israel had conquered Assyria. Now it was time for payback. In the centuries following David & Solomon, Israel had grown weak, idolatrous, and pathetic, they had turned from God, and was no longer the great power it once was (sound familiar?…hint…hint).
See, this is why Jesus mentions them in Matthew 12. Nineveh was given 40 days to repent. Judah was given 40 years to repent (30 AD to 70 AD). Mankind has been given 40 Jubilees to repent. Those 40 Jubilees will be up in 2027-28. This is also part of the Sign of Jonah. It has much more deeper meaning than what is on the surface.
exactly, the fish swam round africa and spat him out on the river bank near nineveh. fish swam fast.
As commented before, Jonah does not say how he arrived in Nineveh nor on what basis the Ninevites were so responsive to his message. These details are all surmise. Did the fish carry him around Africa and up the Tigris? Did his stint in the fish change the way he looked? Was he disfigured? More important, have we responded to God’s message to us? How do we feel about God pardoning someone or a group of people that we consider sworn enemies? Do we believe that God is a God of compassion and mercy?
For the ways of man are before the LORD and He ponders all his paths.(Pro.5:21) The deep riches of God’s Word will always be a mystery to fallen mankind, but he who dwells in the secret place of the Most High, must learn to accept and not compromise, change or encourage differently to “thus sayeth the LORD.” After all, what is faith if you knew all the mysterious written in His Word?
I vote for translated by our supernatural God. Jonah also very likely died (three days and three nights pattern). Jonah also very likely looked like Back From the Dead scary. Something got attention hugely. Also Jonah maybe carried an anointing for Repentance: “I knew if I showed up, they would repent.”