At least four hundred years passed between the prophecies of Malachi (430-420 BC) and Matthew’s written account of Jesus’ life (50-60 AD). Those years were known as the Biblical Years of Silence, due to the lack of historical accounts in the Bible that describe the events during this significant gap in time. The name itself can be misleading as those years were anything but silent.
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So, what happened during the four-hundred-year silence between Malachi and Matthew (or more specifically, James who wrote his letter in 44-49 AD)? It is not surprising that Judea and the Jews experienced some peaceful years during this four-hundred-year period, but many years in between were wracked with internal strife and invasions. Let’s take a look at Israel’s colorful history during the Biblical years of silence.
The Achaemenid Period (450-330 BC)
The modern Bible’s Old Testament ended with the prophecies of Malachi, which were written between 430 to 420 BC. Malachi lived during the twilight years of Persian Achaemenid dynasty’s domination of Judea and other Near East territories. Many years before his birth, the Persians had freed the Jews from exile, allowed them to return to their homeland, and gave them permission to practice Judaism freely (a sharp contrast to the restrained religious policies of the Assyrians and Babylonians). The Second Temple was later rebuilt under Zerubbabel (with the approval of the Persian king) being finished in 516 BC. This completed the work begun by both Nehemiah and Ezra. In 333 BC, Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia and ended the Achaemenid domination in the Near East.
Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Period (330-166 BC)
The Greco-Macedonian army under Alexander the Great spent the years between 334 and 323 BC conquering the Near East and even ventured as far as the northwestern frontier of India. Alexander the Great ruled his empire from 330 to 323 BC but his vast territory disintegrated immediately after his death. Various generals, friends, and family members fought for domination in his former territories, but only four leading diadochi (bodyguards) remained in power: Seleucus took Mesopotamia as well as Central Asia, Attalus ruled Anatolia, Antigonus dominated Macedon, and Ptolemy ruled Egypt.
Judea under the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties was generally peaceful and stable. The era was also marked with increased Hellenistic influence in Palestine, from art, architecture, politics, and culture. Many Jews adopted Greek names and learned to speak and write Koine Greek. It was also the time when Ptolemy of Egypt commissioned seventy translators to translate the Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek which resulted in the Septuagint.
The peace in Judea only disintegrated during the reign of the Seleucid dynasty king Antiochus IV (214 to 164 BC) who persecuted the Jews and forbade them from practicing Judaism. Antiochus forced the Jews to worship Greek gods and ordered the destruction of the Scriptures—an act which greatly angered the Jews. Some Jews welcomed the change, but other rigidly adhered to Judaism as a response to the repression.
The Hasmonean Period (166-63 BC)
As the repression of Judaism continued a Jew named Mattathias (along with his sons) rose up and led the rebellion against Antiochus in 167 BC. His son, Judas Maccabeus, also led the Jewish revolt between in 167 BC until his death in a battle against the Greeks in 160 BC. This era saw the rise of the Hasmonean Dynasty starting from Judas Maccabeus and ending with Antigonus II Mattathias (the Hasmonean) who led a fierce rebellion against the Romans.
The Roman Period
The Roman general Pompey invaded Jerusalem in 63 BC which led to the capture of the city and the end of the Hasmonean Dynasty. Roman rule over Palestine began in the same year through Hyrcanus II, but Parthia was also a dominant force in the Near East at that time. Parthians besieged Jerusalem in 40 BC to get rid of the Roman-appointed governor Herod, but he had fled some time earlier to Rome and only the unlucky high priest Hyrcanus II remained as ruler of the city (Hyrcanus was mutilated by the Parthians which made him unfit to hold the position of the high priest). The Roman general Marc Antony brought Herod back to Jerusalem, drove the Parthians out, and installed Herod (an Idumean) as secular ruler of the Roman province of Judea.
In year 19 BC, Herod improved the Second Temple first built by Zerubbabel during the Achaemenid period. He was Judea’s ruler when Jesus was born between 6 and 4 BC and was responsible for ordering the Massacre of the Innocents in Bethlehem shortly after Jesus’ birth.
Bauer, Susan Wise. The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome. New York: W.W. Norton, 2007.
Josephus, Flavius, and William Whiston. The Antiquities of the Jews. London: Routledge.
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i like this, its soin good and amazing
I appreciate this article, but the years mentioned regarding Ezra and Nehemiah are not accurate. Unless I am misunderstanding something, the dates should be 458 – 432 B.C.
Julia we did a little research and have made a few updates in that section. We appreciate your comment!
From what i read, the Author acknowledged somewhere that years varied based on the different historians.
And also the years mentioned as 167 AD and 160 AD. It should be BC
Agreed and thank you. We have made the update.
Im trying to understand how in this writing, the Author says, Jesus Christ himself was born 4-6 years before Christ. B.C. means before Christs birth. So how is it that Jesus himself was BORN before Christ.
Greg a quick search reveals this is a common question https://www.google.com/search?q=year+jesus+was+born&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS734US734&oq=year+jesus+was+born. Short answer is that given that the Bible does not give the exact day or year scholars are using evidence to narrow the range.
BC does mean Before Christ, however as I understand, the dating of Jesus’ birth using BC/AD is thought to be inaccurate by a few years. From what I recall, many scholars believe Jesus was born a few years earlier than ‘day 0’ AD.
I’m still trying to get something here.
THIS IS SO BEAUTIFUL, I AM DOING A CHURCH HISTORY RESEARCH AND I FOUND THIS INFORMATION USEFUL. CAN I USE PART OF THIS INFORMATION IN JUST FAIR AND ETHICAL WAY?
Hi Manoah, yes of course and thank you.
The silence period from 425BC to 5AD is 430 years the same period Israel was in bondage in Egypt before God sent the deliverer. Not sure if there is any connection or foreshadowing here
Please how many years did the silence hour came between Malachi and Matthew
They are only the silent years if you choose to use the protestant or reformation bible … the books of Maccabees and other 2nd temple literature (which were know and used by Paul and even the apostles) are still available… and now even more thanks to the finding of the dead sea scrolls