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Shrouds of Mystery Surround the Early History of Japan

Japan’s historical origin was believed to be narrated in the Shinto literature. Most of the records concerning Japan are hard to claim as fact and full of mystery since they were derived from oral traditions and Chinese writings.  Based on the story of creation that was found in the Kojiki or Record of Ancient Matters written in 712 AD, the islands of Japan were created by two gods who were sent from heaven. They also created various deities who ruled over the wind, mountains, woods, rivers and seas. Among these deities were Amaterasu Omikami (Sun Goddess) and Susano-o (Storm God) who fought against each other. Eventually, Amaterasu won the battle. Then, Amaterasu assigned Ninigi, her grandson, to rule over the islands.

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Japanese Flag

Ancient Japanese Cultures

According to archaeologists, hominid activities in Japan may have begun by 200,000 BC, during the time when the islands were still connected to mainland Asia. However, there was archaeological evidence that prove the existence of Homo Sapiens in Japan between 35,000 and 30,000 BC. These are believed to have come from the eastern and southeastern part of Asia, and they are notable for their established tool-making, gathering and hunting techniques. Traces of stone tools and human fossils were discovered to have existed in Japan during this period.

During 10,000 BC, stable lifestyles have existed in Japan, and this was referred to as the Neolithic era. Researchers believe that the Ainu people who were members of the Jomon culture left more evidence of residing in the islands. The Jomon people also began making vessels and clay figures by 3,000 BC, and they made use of chipped stone tools, bows and traps for hunting.

The Yayoi was the following cultural period in Japan, and it occurred between 300 BC and 250 AD, which originated from the southern part of Kyushu to northern Honshu. Scientists discovered evidence that the earliest groups of these people were originally from Korea and relocated to northern Kyushu.

While Yayoi pottery was more advanced than Jomon ware, the latter was more appealing because of the intricate designs. The Yayoi also created ceremonial objects made of bronze, as well as weapons and mirrors, and they improved their weaponry and agricultural tools by the 1st century.

Written Records about Japan’s Earliest History

According to scholars who studied the origin of Japan, the earliest records about the country’s history came from Chinese sources. Wa, which was Japan’s early Chinese name, was initially mentioned in texts in 57 AD. This is where the history of Japan and it’s mysteries is listed on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History. Historians in China referred to Wa as the land made up of scattered tribal groups instead of being a unified land that was established in 660 BC, based in the Nihongi. Chinese sources from the 3rd century further reported that the people of Wa lived on fish, rice and vegetable served on wooden trays and bamboo. They also clapped their hands to express their reverence to their gods, and they observed mourning rituals.

Also, Himiko, the head of the Yamatai political federation, was quite active in performing her responsibilities during the 3rd century. As Himiko delivered her tasks as a spiritual leader, her brother was appointed to undertake state affairs such as the diplomatic relations with the Chinese Wei Dynasty in 220 to 265 AD.

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Has King David’s Palace been found?

Khirbet Qeiyafa (Elah Fortress) is where there was a discovery of an early city looking out over the Elah Valley. The remains of the fortifications had been found in 2007 by the Israeli city in Beit Shemesh (20 miles out of Jerusalem). The fortress spreads out over almost 6 acres and is bordered by a 2300 ft wall.  The wall was made from stones that weighed around 8 tons each. Many archeologists have claimed that it might be the biblical city of Sha’arayim or Neta’im and possibly have the remains of King David’s palace. There are those who are doubtful and advocate the possibility it could have been a Judahite or Canaanite castle.

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Khirbet Qeiyafa

Has Been Found

  • The Elah Valley in the Judean Hills is located from the Bible as the place where David and Goliath fought their historic standoff.
  • This city is identified as the city Sha’arayim from the Bible where David had his palace.
  • It has been dated back to around his time in the 10th century BC.
  • Nadav Na’aman has said that King David’s Palace was at the height of the city’s northeastern hill, barely over the Stepped Stone Structure that gave a way up to the peak in the East. The place, time and vastness of Khirbet Oeiyafa, he has said matched the Biblical Palace of King David.
  • Following David’s victory over the Jebusites (‘stronghold of Zion,’) he is read to have given it the new name of the City of David. Then strengthened it ‘from Millo inward’ (2 Samuel 5:7-9). The Hebrew word “millo” could be taken from the verb ml (fill up). Nadav believes the ‘Stepped Stone Structure’ that follows the incline from the ‘Large Stone Structure’ which is built from filling it with stones and dirt could be the ‘millo’ spoken of from Samuel in the Bible.
  • 2 ‘bullae’ or ‘seal impressions’ of Judahite executives were discovered in the ruins by the Large Stone Structure. One has Gedaliah son of Pashhur engraved on it, the other Jehucal son of Shelemiah, son of Shobai. The men were spoken of as officials for King Zedekiah (Jeremiah 37:3, 38:1). This is interpreted to mean that this is where the 2 men managed and that the area was still populated during the 6th Century BC.

Has Not Been Found

  • Yossi Garfinkel claims it was a Judahite City because of its proximity to Jerusalem and that it is located in an area that was part of Judah.
  • Finkelstein strongly proclaims that it has the same characteristics and pottery types that are found in close by Canaanite finds in Bet Shemesh.
  • The basis of this claim as King David’s Castle come from the Bible; Finkelstein doubts that the writer Joshua 15 a figure who resided in the 7th Century BC had enough knowledge of the ancient city which had existed 3 centuries before his birth.
  • Many argue that proclaimed discoveries of King David’s castle or any artifact concerning him are solely due to the desire for popularity and fame.
  • Yehuda Dagan of the Israel Antiquities Authority advocates it as the early Philistine withdraw course following their loss at the Valley of Elah (1 Samuel 17:52). Thus, it is more likely to be what is left of Khirbet esh-Shari’a and that it should be labeled as Adithaim from the Bible.
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Buddhism Spreads in China, IndoChina, Japan and Tibet

The teachings of Buddha reached to various locations including the Indian subcontinent and several parts of Asia. It is listed on the Bible Timeline Chart between 1AD and 150AD. Upon spreading to new cultures, the different styles and methods of Buddhism were modified and aligned to the mentality of the locals. However, these modifications did not compromise nor go against the essential teaching of Buddha.

Buddhism in China and Indochina

It was during the Han Dynasty in China when the cultural ties and trade between Central Asia and China increased. It was because of the strong relationship that existed among these cultures that the Chinese learned more about Buddhism. By the middle part of the 1st Century, there was already a small community of Buddhists in China.

However, early translators failed to find the accurate words to explain further significant Buddhist concepts in the Chinese language. Thus, they decided to use Taoist terms as they translated these concepts to the locals. Since then, believers associated Buddhism with the Taoist tradition that was already practiced that time.

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Buddha

In the 3rd century, the Han Dynasty came to an end, and this also started a period of political issues in China. Despite this difficult period in China, the Buddhist texts still remained and the religion became more popular with the Chinese people. This also gave rise to a number of Chinese monks, particularly Dao-an, who was responsible for revising and improving the earlier Chinese translations of Buddhist texts. Eventually, Buddhism spread to Indochina including Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, all because of the dedication of Buddhist monks who intended to tell the world about the wise teachings of Buddha.

Buddhism in Japan

During the 6th century, the king of Packche came to Japan to send images of the Buddha and several copies of Buddhist texts, with the hopes of establishing a strong and peaceful relationship with the country. He also recommended the religion as a way of providing further benefits to Japan. Eventually, the people of Japan incorporated Buddhist philosophies with their Shinto beliefs as both of these aimed to cultivate harmony and peace.

Although several rulers in Japan were responsible for the support and protection of Buddhism throughout time, it was Prince Shotoku who had the greatest contribution in the growth and expansion of this religion in the country. It was him who wrote the first Japanese constitution that promoted the social and moral values presented in Buddhism. During his time, several Buddhist temples were built, and he also encouraged more Japanese monks to study and read the scriptures of Buddhism.

Buddhism in Tibet

According to historians, Buddhism in Tibet all started with the Bon religion, which was shamanistic and animistic in nature. While Buddhist texts already existed in Tibet several centuries ago, the history of Buddhism in the region only started in 641. It was during that year when King Songsten Gampo succeeded in unifying Tibet because of his victorious military conquests. He also built the very first Buddhist temples in the region, as well as the Changzhug (Nedong) and Jokhang (Lhasa). Tibetan translators were also assigned to work on the study and incorporation of Buddhism on the Sanskrit scriptures. When King Trisong Detsen ruled Tibet in 755, Buddhism was proclaimed as the official religion of all the people in the region.

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Parthians Conquered in 116 AD

The Parthian and Roman Empire had a long-term conflict that resulted in a series of battles that started in 66 BC until 217 AD where it is listed on the Biblical Timeline with World History. Otherwise known as the Roman – Parthian Wars, these battles took over 700 years and led to massive destruction of property between these two powerful empires.

Early Beginnings of the War

The earliest recorded incursions that existed between Parthia and Rome was in the Battle of Carrhae, which occurred in 53 BC. Moreover, the Parthians showed support to Brutus and Cassius during the Civil War of the Roman Liberators in the First Century BC. The end of the Roman Civil War, however, only led to the strengthening of the Roman Army throughout Western Asia. Thus, this increased the supremacy of Rome over other nations that were once a threat to its victory.

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Parthian prisoner on chains,

Emperor Trajan of Rome began formulating plans to conquer Parthia in 113 AD. Eventually, he succeeded in gaining power over Ctesiphon, the capital of Parthia. Afterwards, he appointed Parthamaspates as the client ruler, yet this policy was reversed by Trajan’s successor, Hadrian.

During the Second Century BC, another series of wars existed between Parthia and Rome. Throughout these battles, Rome gained an advantage over Parthia, which gave Trajan much optimism about ruling over this land once and for all. Soon, the emperor believed that the time is right to begin the annexation of Armenia and invade Parthia.

The Invasion of Armenia

With a new strategy set, Trajan was able to conquer Armenia and transformed it into one of Rome’s province in 114 AD. Also, he succeeded in killing Parthamasiris, who was appointed by King Osroes of Parthia as the ruler of Armenia. A year after, Rome invaded the northern part of Mesopotamia and annexed it as a part of the Roman Empire. Prior to heading towards the Persian Gulf, the Ctesiphon succumbed to the Romans, as well.

It was in 115 AD when various revolts broke out in various nations including northern Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. To further put the Roman army’s abilities to the test, a massive Jewish revolt also erupted in the Roman territory. Because of these consecutive revolts, Trajan was unable to take over Hatra, and this prevented him from gaining power over Parthia. As a consequence, the Parthian Army threatened major Roman territories that caused significant challenges to Trajan.

Conquer of Parthia

Upon conquering Mesopotamia, Trajan had only a few concerns as Osroes was preoccupied with another civil war with Vologases III. Hence, Trajan decided to settle in Antioch from 115 to 116, but he continued his campaign and goal of defeating Parthia. As he proceeded to the Euphrates, he conquered Dura-Europos, Characene, and Susa.

Parthia’s great leader, Sanatruces II, gathered his army to fight the Romans in the eastern part of Parthia. However, he was betrayed and murdered by Parthamaspates, his cousin. During the remaining months of 116 AD, Trajan declared himself as Parthia’s new king, which signaled his victorious attempts of ruling over the land.

In 117 AD, Babylonians threatened the Roman garrisons with a series of revolts. This has led to Trajan’s withdrawal from Mesopotamia, yet he attempted to fight back in 118 AD to completely gain power over Parthia. Unfortunately, the mighty emperor died in 117 AD even before he was able to declare another war.

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Romania and Transylvania Subjected to Rome in 101 AD

Romania has become one of the provinces of the Roman Empire, including Transylvania, Oltenia and the Banat. It was in 101 AD where it is listed on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History when the Romans took control of these territories, and they now form the regions of Romania. At the onset, the main purpose of the Romans was to establish Dacia as its imperial province. With much success, the land was transformed as what was intended for throughout the Romans’ invasion.

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battle scene between the Roman and Dacian armies, Trajan’s Column, Rome

The Romans’ Campaigns to Invade Dacia

Emperor Trajan began the campaign to conquer the Dacian kingdom, which was then ruled by Decebalus. Unfortunately, the Roman Empire failed to gain total control of the old Dacia, and this kingdom was led by the Free Dacians. It remained as such even after some parts of Dacia was subjected to Rome.

As early as the First Century BC, King Burebista has established Dacia as a strong and powerful state. His main goal for completing this was to protect the kingdom from the Romans’ invasion. When King Decebal of Dacia took over the state in 87 to 106 AD, he failed to stop the Romans from conquering the kingdom in 101 AD.

Roman Empire in Dacia

The Romans’ primary intention for invading Dacia was to obtain a greater means of revenue from the kingdom’s rich and thriving gold mine. The land was also abundant in other minerals such as iron, which is used in creating the finest swords. With Rome’s fear of being attacked by Dacia because of the kingdom’s great resources to make powerful weapons, Emperor Trajan began perceiving the state as a threat to Rome’s safety and progress.

Thus, Trajan decided to plan for an attack to invade Dacia. Indeed, he made was able to succeed in his campaigns as his strong army burnt every village and nearly everything in sight as they conquered the kingdom. In 102 AD, King Decebalus was defeated by the mighty Emperor Trajan, which signaled Dacia’s surrender and the conflict between the two nations.

Improvements in Dacia 

The Romans proved to Dacia its superior skills by building the world’s largest bridge. It was this same bridge that projected Rome’s abilities, engineering skills and power not only to Dacia, but also to the world. In addition to this fine architecture that Trajan ordered to be built in Dacia, the Emperor helped the kingdom obtain security from potential invaders such as the nomads and barbarians. Dacia received funds from Trajan, and the money was used to re-establish its military forces.

However, Decebalus yearned for vengeance, and he silently plotted ways to have his chance to defeat Trajan. In 105 AD, another invasion was made by Trajan, although this did not prove to be victorious for him, unlike the first battle. Decebalus got what he wanted, and the Romans suffered from terrible casualties that forced them to succumb to a truce.

Still, the battle did not come to an end, and Decebalus continued his campaigns to regain his power and control of the land. In 106 AD, Trajan won the battle and completely surrounded the Capitol until he gained a victory. Instead of being captured and accepting defeat, Decebalus decided to commit suicide.

Eventually, Dacia thrived with the support of the Roman Empire. The battle between Dacia and Rome finally ended, and it resulted in peace and victory for these two nations.

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Scotland Ruled by Rome in 81 AD

It was in 71 AD (where it is listed on the Bible Timeline Chart with World History) when the Roman Army began to arrive in Scotland and established a powerful empire that lasted until the year 213. According to historians, this period in Scotland’s history was complex in nature. Although the Roman Empire had a significant impact on Scotland’s history during the invasion, there were some reports gathered that Rome lacked complete control of the land and its people.

Roman Empire Began Its Invasion of Scotland

Based on historical studies, the Roman Army remained in Scotland for 40 years, yet they lacked total jurisdiction of the land during that time. It was during this complex period that there was an insufficient archeological evidence to prove Rome’s full control and influence in the Scottish culture.

When the Romans arrived at the Britannia province, they named the land that was found on its northern part as Caledonia. They introduced their culture to the Scottish people, yet the original settlers in that part of Scotland did not entirely adopt the Romans’ way of life.

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Gnaeus Julius Agricola

Gnaeus Julius Agricola

One of the most renowned military leaders in Rome was Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who set foot in Britain in 78 AD, as he was to serve as the land’s new governor. After remaining in Britain for two years, he successfully erected a fort with the help of his army at Trimontium. Archeologists also discovered quite many solid evidence of the Romans’ influence in the land of Roman pottery, coins, armor, and remains from the army were unearthed. Historians have reported that Agricola and his armies have reached River Taus or River Tay, so they could construct forts in the said location.

Battle of Mons Graupius

Under the leadership of Calgacus, Agricola, and the Roman Army headed off to attack the Caledonians, which is known to history as the Battle of Mons Graupius. Along with his fleet, Agricola prepared for the battle with only as much as 20,000 men while the Caledonian Army was made up of 30,000 warriors. Evidently, the Romans were outnumbered, yet they still attempted to advance to their opponents in this battle.

After a long and dreadful battle, the Romans were badly impacted and suffered from a tremendous loss. It was also noted that about two-thirds of the Caledonian warriors managed to escape to the Scottish Highlands and marshes. Their main purpose was to stop Agricola and his men from ruling over the island.

Historians gave an estimate of the casualties of the war. According to research, at least 10,000 Caledonian soldiers died while there were only 360 Roman soldiers that were found to be dead. This historical battle was believed to have taken place in the Grampian Mounth, which faced the North Sea.

Meanwhile, Agricola wasn’t merely contented with his army’s victorious attempts at the battle. He also gained control of several hostages from natives and tribes in Caledonia. There were also studies that pointed out how he erected another fort near Inverness, which was the result of his arrival to Britain’s northern coast.

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Herod’s Tomb True Or False?

Herod's Tomb

Once again archaeologists and Biblical scholars are questioning a find that was originally accepted as correct.

In 2007 a well known and respected Herodium archaeologist, Efram Netzer, declared Herods tomb had been found based on the writings of the historian Josephus and additional evidence.

However other scholars question that find based on the simplicity of the tomb – suggesting that Herod, a man known for his huge ego and great building projects, would have had a much finer tomb.
You can read more about that here. http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/herodium-the-tomb-of-king-herod-revisited/

A good description with photos of Herodium, and the possible tomb are in this online issue of the Smithsonian
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/finding-king-herods-tomb-34296862/?no-ist

Both articles are filled with the methods archaeologist/historians use to determine and validate their finds. For example according to the Smithsonian article of August 2009 ” The high quality of the craftsmanship suggested the sarcophagus was fit for a king. Plus, the extent of the fragmentation suggested that people had deliberately smashed it—a plausible outcome for the hated monarch’s resting place. Based on coins and other items found nearby, Netzer surmises that the desecration occurred during the first Jewish revolt against the Romans, from A.D. 66 to 73. (As Kasher notes in his biography, “Herod the Great” was, for the Jews, an ironic title, designating an arrogant monarch who scorned the religious laws of his own people.)”

So has Herod’s tomb been found? The search continues either to confirm this is the tomb or to find another.

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Photo of Herod’s Tomb from wikicommons from photographer Deror avi
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Huns and Tartars

Westward Drift of Huns and Tartars around 100 A.D.

The Huns and Tartars were two distinct tribal groups from the Great Steppes of Asia that was situated between modern day Russia and China. These two tribal groups had been living in the open plains of the Great Steppes of Asia for thousands of years. It was around 100 A.D. (where they are listed on the Bible Timeline) when they started to appear along the borders of Eastern Europe. Starting with the Caspian Sea and extending to the Ural Mountains eastward to the Pacific Ocean was the area that the Tartars occupied.

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Tatar cavalry training in their Sarai.

In fact, the Tartars were spread out all throughout central and northern Asia and were also known as the Tatars. The Huns had their origins in Asia as well. They were situated in the northern countries that lie above China. They too had migrated over time westward into Europe.

Societal Organization

The Huns and the Tartars were not powerful or organized tribes, and many of them were gathered into a loose confederation of tribal groups. They didn’t have settled societies, and they lived a nomadic life that was rooted in agriculture. Tribal chiefs ruled both the Huns and Tartars and the people were organized by clans under their chiefs. They never united into a single people but remained independent. The tribal groups that were organized within the Huns and the Tartars fought battles or waged wars according to their own agendas. They also migrated throughout Asia in different patterns as well.

Migration

About 100 A.D. different tribal groups throughout northwestern Asia constantly roamed the lands of the Asia Steppes. They included not only the Huns and the Tartars but other tribal groups such as the Mongols, the Turks, and Russian Cossacks. Nearly all of the tribes within these groups had slowly migrated westward across Asia for thousands of years. Many people within these tribes intermingled, and some of them lost their original identities to other tribes within the area.

Most of them would remain in a particular location for many years before they packed up their belongings and moved on to a new region. Once again, they lived off of the land but they didn’t set up permanent societies. Practices such as farming were not widespread among the tribes though they grew food. Most of them were hunters and gatherers. None of these tribal groups was prominent at the time, and they were not in a position to pose any major threat to any empire kingdom of their day. Tribal groups occupied much of Northern and Eastern Europe and some of these groups mixed in with the encroaching Huns and Tartars.

Romans Interpretations of the Huns and Tartars

The Romans were the primary power in Europe during the 1st century A.D. They were the ones who first wrote about the Tartars in their histories. The Romans knew of these people only in passing. They never went to war with the Tartars. They either encountered a few Tartars they traded with along the Rhine River, or they heard rumors about them from various traders or merchants who encountered this group of people further back east. Tartar means mounted carrier or messengers (Latin or French) and apparently some of the early Tartars must have been employed in this capacity by the various tribes that they encountered. This group must have been used for relaying messages between tribes and kingdoms that were situated along the border of Europe and Asia. The Romans only vaguely reported that they were in the area but were not concerned with them as a people.

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Goths on the Black Sea and the Danube

The Goths were groups of Germanic ethnicity, which are made up of the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. These people were instrumental in the decline of the Roman Empire as they gave rise to the Medieval period in Europe. According to history, the Goths migrated from Scandza and settled in Gothiscandza, which was situated in the lower portion of the Vistula region. In fact, archaeologists have noted evidence of the truth behind the migration of Goths. It was also noted that in the 3rd century, they crossed the Black Sea or Lower Danube and destroyed several areas along the way including the Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia, Byzantium, Sparta and Athens. A century later, the Goths invaded Dacia and dominated a massive area that spanned towards the Danube and the Black Sea.

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The battle between Goths and Romans.

The Goths Rose Into Power

The Goths were among the most powerful groups of people that succeeded in finding their way into the Classical World. In fact, this tribe was able to break out of north-central Europe during the latter part of the second century. In half a century after leaving their homeland, the Goth arrived at the Black Sea, which was at the northern portion of the Danube River. It was not long after that they reached the Danube frontier and conquered the Roman Empire after raiding and destroying the coast of Bulgaria.

In 250 AD, Kniva, the fearless Gothic commander, obtained three different armies and set them on the field. While one of these armies was defeated by the Dacians, the other two successfully reached the Danube. On the sea, these tribes were also the primary forces that initiated sea raids, which impacted negatively a large part of towns in the Black Sea. Although they were able to raid various places including Asia Minor and Greece, their ships were destroyed by strong winds during the tribe’s return to their homeland.

The Goths During the 4th Century

In the earlier parts of the 4th century, the Goths were divided into two groups – the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths. The Ostrogoths settled in the north of the Black Sea, which was in the Ukraine while the Visigoths remained along the Danube River.

These groups took part in various battles, yet they remained victorious after the strong invasion of the Huns in Europe. When the Gothic Army succeeded in the battle in 372, the Roman Empire decided to give the Goths a land that was situated between the Danube and the Balkan Range. However, this was not enough to satisfy the Goths who wanted to claim more areas as their homeland.

Alaric, a powerful Gothic leader, decided to violate the treaty made with the Romans as he penetrated the southern part of the Balkan Range. He also entered Rome when the Emperor failed to give him a title or some recognition for his past services. Although he caused minimal chaos to Rome, he attempted to go to Sicily and step foot into North Africa’s rich grain fields. However, he failed with his attempts when a massive storm destroyed his fleet, and until he died before putting his plans into actions. Soon after, the Visigoths remained in Southern Gaul before settling into the Iberian Peninsula.

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Decius Fights the Goths

Decius was one of the Roman Emperors who was a native of the Illyricum province located in the Danube. He was highly skilled and qualified to become a political leader, unlike Maximinus or Philip the Arab, who were his predecessors who had little understanding on how to rule the people. In fact, Decius gained experience in politics when he became a senator and served as a consul before he assumed the throne.Arab, who were his predecessors who had little understanding on how to rule the people. In fact, Decius gained experience in politics when he became a senator and served as a consul before he assumed the throne.

In addition, Decius was appointed as the governor of Germania and Moesia, and he also became Hispania Tarraconensis’ governor during 235 to 238 AD. where he is located on the Bible Timeline Chart. This brilliant politician was noted as Rome’s urban prefect when Emperor Philip the Arab reigned in the empire.

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Decius

Battles Against the Goths

During the reign of Decius, the barbarians remained as the most persistent opponent of the Roman Empire. These groups of people were known for their daring attempts to overthrow the empire, and their plagues against Rome came during that time when the entire kingdom was experiencing an economic crisis.

Although Decius briefly reigned the Roman Empire, he participated in one of the most significant operations where he fought against the Goths. It was at this period in time when the Goths were able to cross the Danube and began their devastating plans of raiding various districts of Thrace and Moesia. However, the Goths were defeated by the Emperor while they were in the act of causing chaos to Nicopolis, an area on the Danube. As a result, the Goths moved towards the Balkans as they plotted their next attempt to fight the Romans.

For their second attempt, they succeeded in sacking the Roman camp and defeated the troops in the modern-day Stara Zagora. Eventually, the Goths attacked Philippopolis that soon succumbed to their power. While this greatly discouraged Decius as he fled from the battle, along with some of his remaining army, he was more focused on rising back and regaining power over the Goths. He decided to devise a new scheme that would put the Goths into their place and end the battles, which have been causing much chaos and loss to the Roman Empire.

With a brilliant plan in mind, Decius reorganized his army and aimed to defeat the Goths once and for all. The Battle of Abrittus served as the “final engagement”, in which the Gothic Army fought against the Roman Empire under the rule of Decius in 251 AD. It took place in Ludogorie, which was a region located in the northeastern part of Bulgaria. It was in this swampy ground that Herennius Etruscus, son of Decius, died as he was shot by an arrow at the early part of the battle. Although Decius tried his best to keep up his army’s hope and spirit, he soon met his untimely death when he was also killed during that battle.

 Decius might have died from that fight, yet his courage and determination to uphold Rome’s peace and order, as well as his great sense of leadership, have made him one of the empire’s greatest rulers of all time.